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DOMESTIC SEWAGE TREATMENT

(SEPTIC TANK AND SOAK PIT)




Submitted by:-
OM PRAKASH
RAMKISHOR YADAV
TRILOK CHAND GUPTA
VIJAY PAL OLA
Submitted to:-
Prof. A.B. GUPTA
MNIT, JAIPUR

WHY DO WE NEED A SEWER SYSTEM?

Each time we flush the toilet or wash sth down the
sink's drain,we create sewage (also known in polite
society as wastewater).
One question that many people might ask is, "Why
not simply dump this wastewater onto the ground
outside the house, or into a nearby stream?" There
are three main things about wastewater that make it
sth you don't want to release into the environment:-

It stinks. If you release wastewater directly
into the environment, things get very
smelly very fast.

It contains harmful bacteria. Which
causes health hazard.

It contains suspended solids and
chemicals that affect the environment.

SEPTIC TANK
INTRODUCTION
CONSTUCTION DETAIL
DESIGN
WORKING
CLEANING
INSTALLATION TIPS
POTENTIAL PROBLEM
ENVIROMENT ISSUES
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT

INTRODUCTION
In rural areas where
houses are spaced
so far apart that a
sewer system would
be too expensive to
install, people install
their own, private
sewage treatment
plants. These are
called septic tanks.

A septic tank is a key component of the septic
system or sewer system.
In North America approximately 25% of the
population relies on septic tanks; this can include
suburbs and small towns as well as rural areas
Septic tanks are generally installed by isolated
communities like schools, hospitals & institutions.
Septic tank may be defined as primary sedimentation
tank.
Having capacity to remove 60 to 70% dissolved
matter.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
Tank is designed to prevent directs currents
between the tank inlet and outlet.
T-pipes or baffles at inlet & outlet with
submerged ends to stop currents and retaining
the scum.
Manhole covers are provided in top slab to
permit inspection & maintenance.


Organic materials +Nutrients CH4+ CO2 + NH3+H2S+
Biomass
Anearobic decomposition
Top of tank is covered with RCC slab.
Sometimes stairs steps are also
provided.
Provide vent pipe to escape foul gases.
Side sump-well with portable pump.
Two Compartment Septic Tank.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
CAPACITY OF SEPTIC TANK:-capable of
storing sewage flow during detention period
&extra volume of sludge for .5 to 3 yrs.
INLET AND OUTLET TEES
DETENTION PERIOD:- 12 to 36 hrs
(adopted 24hrs)
LENGTH TO WIDTH RATIO:- Length is 2
to3 times of width.
Sewage enter through the Inlet.
There are three layers
1. Anything that floats rises to the top and forms
a layer known as the scum layer.
2. Anything heavier than water sinks to form the
sludge layer.
3. In the middle is a fairly clear water layer. This
body of water contains bacteria and chemicals
like nitrogen and phosphorous that act as
fertilizers, but it is largely free of solids.

Organic matter is digested by bacteria.
Digestion of settled sludge is carried out by
ANAROBIC DECOMPOSITION also called sludge
digestion.
Due to decomposition foul gases are produced
thus mass of sludge is decreased.
BOD of water also decreased .




The water in the tank is not pure water, it is
called gray water because it still contains
organic materials that need to be filtered
out.
As more water enters from influent the
water level inside the septic tank rises and
gray water will exit through effluent.



CLEANING
Prevention is better than cure
Regular septic tank cleaning is the only way to
prevent septic tank systems from clogging and
well.
Pumping is only way of cleaning.
Frequency of cleaning depends on volume of
solids, amount of indigestible solids and the
ambient temperature.

So there is no rule of thumb
because period of cleaning very from
few months to so many yrs.
Generally this very from 6months to
4-5 yrs.
Sludge from tank disposed after
drying.
INSTALLATION TIPS
According to vastu the location of the septic
tank should be such north west corner under
any condition.
Do not construct the septic tank higher than
the plinth level of the building. The best bet
would be to construct it at ground level.
The septic tank should be at least 2 feet
away from the wall or plinth.



POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

Oils and grease are difficult to degrade can cause
the inlet drains to block.
Flushing non-biodegradable items (cigarette butts
& cotton buds) clog a septic tank.
Chemicals (pesticides, herbicides)and inorganic
materials(paints or solvents)damage the working
of a septic tank.
Roots from trees may clog and rupture them.





Excessive water entering the system will overload it and
cause it to fail.

Septic tanks by themselves are ineffective at removing
nitrogen compounds that can potentially cause algal
blooms in receiving waters

All toilet paper are not suitable to dispose in septic
tank(some toilet paper was specifically marked as
suitable for use in septic systems and some was not).



ADVANTAGES
Ease in construction.
No maintenance problem(except periodical
cleaning).
Excellently functioning ST can considerably
reduce suspended solids &BOD from sewage.
Due to digestion reduction in volume is about 60%
&reduction in weight is about 30%.
It is suitable for isolated community.
It is a completely passive system.

Small area required.

Low initial & operation cost.

Effluent from ST is disposed without much trouble.


DISADVANTAGES
If ST is not properly functioning, effluent will
be very foul &dark.
Leakage of gases from top cover of ST may
caused bed smells &environmental
pollution.
Periodical cleaning, removal and disposal of
sludge remains a tedious problem.
DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT
Ways of disposal of effluent are:-
1. Soak pit.
2. Sub-surface irrigation
3. Leaching Cess-pools.
4. Treated in trickling filters
5. Recycling.
SOAK PIT TANK
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN
WORKING
ADEQUACY
HEALTH ASPECTS
MAINTENANCE
ADVANTAGES & DISADAVANTAGES
WHY WE
NEED SOAK
PIT TANK ?
REASON

The water in the septic tank is not pure, it is
called grey water because it still contains
organic materials that need to be filtered out.

INTRODUCTION
A Soak Pit is a covered, porous-walled
chamber that allows water to slowly
soak into the ground. Pre-settled
effluent from septic tank is discharged
to the underground chamber from
where it infiltrates into the surrounding
soil.

DESIGN

A layer of sand and fine gravel is spread
across the bottom to help disperse the
flow.

Depth should be between 1.5 and 4m
deep, but never less than 1.5m above
the ground water table.


The Soak Pit is filled with coarse rocks
and gravel.

The rocks and gravel will prevent the
walls from collapsing, but will still provide
adequate space for the wastewater.


A-masonry ring
B-stone or brick
aggregate
C-brick chamber
D-30cm thick outer
casing with coarse sand
E-effluent from septic
tank
WORKING
As wastewater percolates through the soil
from the soak pit , small particles are filtered
out by the soil matrix and organics are
digested by micro-organism.
Soak pit are best suited to soils with good
absorptive properties; clay, hard packed or
rocky soils are not appropriate.

ADEQUACY
A Soak Pit does not provide adequate
treatment for raw wastewater and the pit will
clog quickly.


A Soak Pit should be used for discharging
pre settled black water or grey water .

Soak pits are appropriate for rural
and suburban settlements.

They depend on soil with a sufficient
absorptive capacity. They are not
appropriate for areas that are prone
to flooding or have high groundwater
tables.

HEALTH ASPECTS
The technology is located underground
and thus, humans and animals should
have no contact with the effluent.
The Soak Pit is located a safe distance
from a drinking water source (ideally
30m).
The Soak Pit is odourless and not visible.



MAINTENANCE
the effluent should be clarified or filtered well to prevent
excessive build up of solids.
The Soak Pit should be kept away from high-traffic areas.
Particles and biomass will clog the pit so need to be
cleaned or moved.
For future access a removable lid should be used to seal
the pit.


ADVANTAGES
Can be built and repaired with locally available
materials.
Small land area required.
Power conservative.
Can be built and maintained with locally available
materials.
Simple technique for all users.

DISADVANTAGES
Pretreatment is required to prevent
clogging, although eventual clogging is
inevitable.

Negatively affects soil and groundwater
properties.
SUB-SURFACE IRRIGATION

Introduction
Design
Working
Advantages
Limitations

INTRODUCTIO
Effluent is delivered directly to the infiltrative
surface of the soil using specially manufactured
polyethylene tubing with built-in turbulent flow
emitters.
Subsurface irrigation is a highly-efficient watering
technique.
It reduces outdoor water use by 30 to 40 percent.


DESIGN
It consist a masonry chamber (Distribution box) where the
effluent of septic tank uniformly distributed an underground
network.
Emitter lines placed on 2 foot centers with a 2 foot emitter
spacing such that each emitter supplies a 4 sq. ft area.
These lines are placed at depths of 6-10 inches below the
surface.
Absorption trench 30 to 90cm wide filled with gravel(15cm
thick) layer and well graded aggregate(15cm thick layer).

Sub-surface Disposal System

WORKING

Septic tank effluent is allowed to enter into a
masonry chamber (distribution chamber).
from where it is uniformly distributed an
underground network of open jointed pipe ,into
absorption trench called dispersion trenches .
The suspended organic matter present in the
effluent will be absorbed in the absorption
trenches.
The clearer water seeping down to the water-
table may come up to the plant roots throughly
capillarity ,thus fulfilling their irrigation water
demands.

ADVANTAGES
Health risks are minimized.
The system is easily automated.
Consumption of nitrates by the plant
material is increased.
The systems are durable and have a
long life.
Disposal of water by means of
evapotranspiration by the plants is
maximized.


LIMITATIONS

Emitter clogging:-This clogging is usually the result
of insufficient water filtration, lateral flushing and/or
chemical injection.
Salt accumulation
Mechanical damage
Crop establishment
Soil structural effects
REFRENCES

Guide- Dr. Urmila Brighu, MNIT Jaipur

Sewage Disposal & Air Pollution Eng. BY
S.K.Garg
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki.com
http//home.housestuffworks.com
http//septictank.org/wp.com
Any
Question

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