Signal Sampling

Sampling is converting a continuous time signal into a discrete time signal

Categories:
Impulse (ideal) sampling
Natural Sampling
Sample and Hold operation
Impulse Sampling
Impulse Sampling
Impulse train spaced at T
s
multiplies the signal x(t) in time domain, creating
discrete time,
continuous amplitude signal x
s
(t)

Impulse train spaced at f
s
convolutes the signal X(f) in frequency domain,
creating
Repeating spectrum X
s
(f)
spaced at f
s

The Aliasing Effect
f
s
> 2f
m
f
s
< 2f
m
Aliasing happens
Aliasing
Under sampling will result in
aliasing that will create spectral overlap
Aliasing
Under sampling will result in
aliasing that will create spectral overlap
Ideal Sampling and Aliasing
Sampled signal is discrete in time domain with spacing T
s
Spectrum will repeat for every f
s
Hz
Aliasing (spectral overlapping) if f
s
is too small (f
s
< 2f
m
)
Nyquist sampling rate f
s
= 2f
m

Generally oversampling is done f
s
> 2f
m

Signal Processing
Sampling a continuous function

Signal Processing
Convolve with reconstruction filter to
re-create signal

=
How to Sample?
Reconstructed signal might be very different from original: aliasing

Why Does Aliasing Happen?
Sampling = multiplication by shah function III(x) (also known as impulse
train)

=
III(x)
Fourier Analysis
Multiplication in primal space = convolution in frequency space


Fourier transform of III is III
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( x g x f x g x f F F F
III(x)
F (III(x))
sampling frequency
Fourier Analysis
Result: high frequencies can alias
into low frequencies

=
Fourier Analysis
Convolution with reconstruction filter = multiplication in frequency space
=
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( x g x f x g x f F F F
Aliasing in Frequency Space
Conclusions:
High frequencies can alias into low frequencies
Cant be cured by a different reconstruction filter
Nyquist limit: can capture all frequencies iff signal has maximum frequency
sampling rate

=
Filters for Sampling
Solution: insert filter before sampling
Sampling or bandlimiting or antialiasing filter



Low-pass filter
Eliminate frequency content above Nyquist limit
Result: aliasing replaced by blur
Original
Signal
Prefilter Sample
Reconstruction
Filter
Reconstructed
Signal
Ideal Sampling Filter
Brick wall filter:
box in frequency

In space: sinc function
sinc(x) = sin(x) / x
Infinite support
Possibility of ringing