Defence Y7103048

INTERFERENCE EFFECT OF TWO NEARBY
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS: NUMERICAL APPROACH

M.Tech Thesis Defense
May 2009
By
Anirudh Sharma
Y7103048
Thesis Supervisor
Dr. Priyanka Ghosh
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR
Organization of the presentation
Introduction
Literature Review
Strip footings on a two layer soil system Elastic
analysis
Study on weightless medium
Study on medium with self weight
Closely spaced square and rectangular footings on
homogeneous soil
Scope of future work
Conclusions
Introduction
Introduction
Literature Review

Author Year Work done
Stuart 1962 A theoretical solution to the problem of interfering surface
footings was suggested by using limit equilibrium method.
Laboratory tests were conducted on small scale model
footings resting on sand to validate the same.
West and Stuart 1965 The increase in bearing capacity of two closely spaced
strip footings was studied. The work included the study of
eccentricity and inclination of soil reaction. Theoretical
predictions were compared with laboratory test results.
Saran and
Agarwal
1973 Conducted model tests on both, two as well as three
dimensional footings. The effect of interference on
settlement and bearing capacity was studied.
Graham et al. 1983 Used the method of stress characteristics to compute
theoretical bearing capacity of a series of parallel
footings. Compared the results with laboratory tests on
three parallel surface footings on different types of sands.
Literature Review

Das and Larbi
Cherif
1983 Investigated the increase in bearing capacity which
accompanies two closely spaced strip footings by
conducting model tests on sand.
Das et al. 1993 Conducted model tests on closely spaced surface strip
footings resting on layered soil. Investigated the effect of
increasing the thickness of the top layer of dense sand on
the load at failure.
Frydman and
Burd
1995 Computed the bearing capacity factor N for smooth and
rough footings, using finite element and finite difference
methods, specifically, using the explicit finite difference
code FLAC
2D
.
Michalowski and
Dawson
2002 Presented two approaches to calculate bearing capacity
of square and rectangular footings on elasto-plastic soil,
namely, kinematic approach of limit analyses and FLAC
3D
.
Literature Review

Kumar and
Ghosh
2007 (a) The method of stress characteristics was considered to
determine the ultimate bearing capacity of two interfering
strip footing. The variation of efficiency factor () based
on unit weight of soil was computed with respect to the
change in clear spacing between the footings.
Kumar and
Ghosh
2007 (b) The ultimate bearing capacity of two closely spaced strip
footings, placed on a cohesionless medium and loaded
simultaneously to failure was determined by using an
upper bound limit analysis.
Kumar and
Kouzer
2007 The upper bound limit analysis with finite elements and
linear programming was applied to compute the ultimate
bearing capacity of two interfering, rough strip footings
resting on a cohesionless soil medium. For different clear
spacings, the efficiency factor was determined.
Strip footings resting on a two layer
soil system Elastic analysis
Strip footings resting on a two layer soil system Elastic analysis
Problem definition sketch
Equilibrium conditions for
plane-strain case

Stress-displacement relations
from generalized Hookes Law

Governing Differential Equation
0
0
x xz
xz z
x z
x z
o t
t o
c c
+ =
c c
c c
+ =
c c
(1 )
(1 )(1 2 )
(1 )
(1 )(1 2 )
x
z
xz
E u w
x z
E u w
x z
u w
G
z x
o u u
u u
o u u
u u
t
c c
| |
= +
|
+ c c
\ .
c c
| |
= +
|
+ c c
\ .
c c
| |
= +
|
c c
\ .
2
2
0
(1 2 )
0
(1 2 )
G u w
G u
x x z
G u w
G w
z x z
u
u
c c c
| |
V + + =
|
c c c
\ .
c c c
| |
V + + =
|
c c c
\ .
Analysis for weightless medium

For 0<x<0.5S, z=0

For 0.5Sx (0.5S+B), z=0

For x> (0.5S+B), z=0

1
(1 ) 0
(1 )(1 2 )
0
z
xz
E u w
x z
u w
G
z x
o u u
u u
t
c c
| |
= + =
|
+ c c
\ .
c c
| |
= + =
|
c c
\ .
1
(1 )
(1 )(1 2 )
0
z
E u w
q
x z
u
o u u
u u
c c
| |
= + =
|
+ c c
\ .
=
1
(1 ) 0
(1 )(1 2 )
0
z
xz
E u w
x z
u w
G
z x
o u u
u u
t
c c
| |
= + =
|
+ c c
\ .
c c
| |
= + =
|
c c
\ .
Boundary Conditions
1 2
(1 ) (1 )
(1 )(1 2 ) (1 )(1 2 )
E E u w u w
x z x z
u u u u
u u u u
c c c c | | | |
+ = +
| |
+ c c + c c
\ . \ .
1 2
u w u w
G G
z x z x
c c c c
| | | |
+ = +
| |
c c c c
\ . \ .
Continuity conditions at the interface between two layers
Finite difference formulation Governing Differential Equations

, 1, 1, , 1 , 1 1 , 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1
1 1 2 1
( ) ( ) ( )
3 4 6 8 4(6 8 )
i j i j i j i j i j i j i j i j i j
u u u u u w w w w
u u
u u u
+ + + + + +

= + + + + +

, , 1 , 1 1, 1, ) 1 , 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1
1 1 2 1
( ) ( ) ( )
3 4 6 8 4(6 8 )
w w w w w u u u u
u u
u u u
+ + + + + +

= + + + + +


For all nodes on the ground surface (except below the footing, where u = 0)

For nodes on the ground surface below the footing

For nodes on the ground surface away from the footing
1 , , 1 , 1 1 ,
) (
+ +
+ =
j i j i j i j i
u w w u
1 , , 1 , 1
1
1 ,
) (
1 ) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 ( 2
+ +
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
j i j i j i j i
w u u
E
dx q
w
u
u
u
u u
1 , , 1 , 1 1 ,
) (
1
+ +
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
j i j i j i j i
w u u w
u
u
Finite difference formulation Boundary Conditions
Finite difference formulation Continuity conditions

2 2
, 1 , , , 1 1, ,
1 1
' ( ) (1 )( )
i j i j i j i j i j i j
E E
u u u u w w
E E
+ + +
= +
) ( '
1 , ,
1
2
, 1 , + +
=
j i j i j i j i
w w
E
E
w w
Sensitivity analyses
(a) For optimum mesh size
(b) For optimum width of domain
(c) For optimum depth of domain
Results from study on weightless medium
Parametric study for double layer system

Parametric study for single layer system

Settlement Ratio (
o
) =
Settlement of one footing in presence of other footing
Settlement of isolated footing
Variation of
o
with S/B for different E
2
/E
1

Variation of
o
with S/B for different H
1
/H
Variation of
o
with S/B for different q
Variation of
o
with S/B for single weightless layer with different E
Variation of
o
with S/B for single weightless layer with different q
Variation of normal stress below the interface for different S/B on weightless medium
Variation of normal stress at the bottom for different S/B on weightless medium
Analysis for soil medium with self weight
Equilibrium conditions for plane-
strain case

Stress-displacement relations from
generalized Hookes Law

Governing Differential Equation
0
0
x xz
xz z
x z
x z
o t
t o

c c
+ =
c c
c c
+ + =
c c
(1 )
(1 )(1 2 )
(1 )
(1 )(1 2 )
x
z
xz
E u w
x z
E u w
x z
u w
G
z x
o u u
u u
o u u
u u
t
c c
| |
= +
|
+ c c
\ .
c c
| |
= +
|
+ c c
\ .
c c
| |
= +
|
c c
\ .
2
2
0
(1 2 )
0
(1 2 )
G u w
G u
x x z
G u w
G w
z x z
u
u
c c c
| |
V + + =
|
c c c
\ .
c c c
| |
V + + + =
|
c c c
\ .
Finite difference formulation Governing Differential Equations

, 1, 1, , 1 , 1 1 , 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1
1 1 2 1
( ) ( ) ( )
3 4 6 8 4(6 8 )
u u u u u w w w w
u u
u u u
+ + + + + +

= + + + + +

, , 1 , 1 1, 1, )
2
1 , 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1
1 1 2
( ) ( )
3 4 6 8
1
( )
4(6 8 )
i j i j i j i j i j
i j i j i j i j
w w w w w
u u u u dx
G
u u
u u
u
+ +
+ + + +

= + + +

+ + +
Results from study on soil medium with self weight

Parametric study for double layer system

Parametric study for single layer system

Variation of
o
with S/B for different E
2
/E
1

Variation of
o
with S/B for different H
1
/H
Variation of
o
with S/B for different q
Variation of
o
with S/B for different
2
/
1

Variation of
o
with elastic modulus E for single layer system with self weight
Variation of
o
with q for single layer system with self weight
Variation of
o
with for single layer system with self weight
Variation of normal stress below the interface for different S/B for a medium with self weight
Variation of normal stress at the bottom of the domain for different S/B
for a medium with self weight
Interference of two nearby square
and rectangular footings
Interference of two nearby square and rectangular footings
Problem definition sketch
Domain used for FLAC
3D
analysis Quarter symmetry
(a) Distant boundaries fixed in all directions
(b) Roller boundaries along planes of
symmetry
Boundary conditions
Results
Interference of two nearby square footings
Interference of two nearby rectangular footings

Efficiency factor (
) =

Bearing capacity of one footing in presence of another footing
Bearing capacity of single isolated footing
Variation of
with S/B for different values of |

Load-Displacement curve for |=30, S/B=0.25,
L/B=1.0
Contours of vertical settlement for |=30, S/B=0.25, L/B=1.0
Contours of normal stress for
|=30, S/B=0.25, L/B=1.0
Load-Displacement curve for |=30, S/B=1.0, L/B=1.0
|=30, S/B=1.0, L/B=1.0
Interference of two nearby rectangular footings with S/B = 1.5
Variation of

Load-Displacement curve for
|=30, S/B=1.0, L/B=1.5
|=30, S/B=1.0, L/B=1.5
Variation of

Load-Displacement curve for
|=30, S/B=1.0, L/B=1.5
|=30, S/B=1.0, L/B=1.5
Comparison
|
N

Terzaghi
Frydman &
Burd (1997)
Hijaj et al
(2004)
Michalowski &
Dawson (2002)
Present
analyses
20
6.25 - - - 4.67
30
24.63 26.00 18.21 19.05 21.81 22.11
35
53.00 55.25 42.44 44.56 - 51.29
40
125.50 125.00 104.16 110.49 - 130.62
Conclusions
The settlement of two nearby strip footings is greater than a single isolated footing
of the same size and placed on soil having similar properties, and it reduces
continuously as the distance between them increases.

The settlement of two interfering strip footings resting on layered soil can be
reduced if the properties of the weak layer are improved

For interfering strip footings resting on layered soil, the normal stress at the
interface between the two separate layers as well as at the bottom of the domain
reduces as the spacing between the footings increases.

In case of square footings, the bearing capacity of interfering footings is maximum
at S/B = 0.25. As the spacing between the footings increase beyond 0.25B, the
bearing capacity reduces and reaches its minimum value S/B = 1.0. On further
increasing the spacing, the bearing capacity increases and reaches the value
corresponding to a single isolated footing at S/B = 4.0.

In case of rectangular footings at lower friction angles, the bearing capacity is
maximum at S/B = 0. It continuously decreases with an increase in spacing, showing
a marginal increase at S/B = 2.0. Beyond this, it assumes a constant value equal to
that of a single isolated footing. At higher friction angles, the bearing capacity peaks
at S/B = 0.25.
Scope of future work

The study could be extended to determine the interference effect of embedded
footings.

The analysis could be performed to obtain the solution for the interference
effect on two non-identical footings placed close to each other.

The study of interference on cohesive soil deposit could be explored.

Circular footings could be considered to study the interference effect.

The effect of stage construction could be incorporated to determine the
interference effect such as the effect of construction of a new footing on the
nearby existing one.

The present study has been carried out with static mode of loading only.
Further study can be performed to analyze the behavior of footings under the
application of dynamic loading.

References

1. Chapra, S.C. and Canale, R.P., 2005 Numerical methods for engineers Tata McGraw-
Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, India.
2. Chow, Y.K. 1987. Vertical deformation of rigid foundations of arbitrary shape on layered
soil media. International Journal of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics,
11 (1), 1-15.
3. Das, B.M., 1985 Advanced soil mechanics Singapore:McGraw-Hill Book Company.
4. Das, B.M., and Larbi-Cherif, S., 1983. Bearing capacity of two closely spaced shallow
foundations on sand. Soils and Foundations, Vol 23, No. 1, pp 1 7.
5. Das, B.M., Puri, V.K., and Neo, B.K., 1993. Interference effects between two surface
footings on layered soil. Transportation research record 1406, pp 34 40
6. Davies, T.G. and Banerjee, P.K. 1978. The displacement field due to a point load at the
interface of a two layer elastic half-space. Gotechnique, 28 (1), 43 -56.
7. Frydman, S. and Burd, H.J., 1997. Numerical studies of bearing capacity factor N.
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental engineering, Vol. 123, No. 1.
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multilayered soils. Gotechnique, 30 (2), 159-177.
9. Gourvenec, S., Randolph, M., and Kingsnorth, O., 2006 Undrained bearing capacity of
square and rectangular footings. International Journal of Geomechanics, Vol. 6, No. 3,
pp 147 157.
10. Graham, J., Raymond, G.P., and Suppiah, A., 1984 Bearing capacity of three closely
spaced footings on sand. Gotechnique, 34 (2), 173-182.

References
11. Hanna T.H., 1963. Model studies of foundation groups in sand. Gotechnique, Vol. 13,.
pp 334-51
12. Hijaj, M., Lyamin, A.V., and Sloan, S.W., 2005 Numerical limit analysis solutions for the
bearing capacity factor Ng. International Journal of Solids and Structures 42, 1681
1704.
13. Kezdi, A., 1957. Bearing capacity of piles and pile groups. Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Soil
Mech. (London)
14. Kezdi, A., 1960. Bemerkungen zur Frage der Tragfaehigkeit von Pfahlgruppen.
Symposium on piled foundations. Proc. I.A.B.S.E. (Stockholm).
15. Kumar, J. and Ghosh, P. 2007 Ultimate bearing capacity of two interfering rough strip
footings. International Journal of Geomechanics (ASCE), Vol.7, No. 1, pp 53-62.
16. Kumar, J. and Ghosh, P. 2007 Upper bound limit analysis for finding interference effect
of two nearby strip footings on sand. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering Journal
Vol.25, No. 5, pp 499-507.
17. Kumar, J., and Kouzer, K.M., 2008. Bearing capacity of two interfering footings. Int. J.
Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech, 32: 251 264
18. Maheshwari, P., and Viladkar, M.N., 2007 Strip footings on a three layer soil system:
Theory of elasticity approach. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 1: (47
59)
19. Michalowski, R.L., and Dawson, E.M., 2002. Three dimensional analysis of limit loads
on Mohr-Coulomb soil. Foundations of Civil and Environmental Engineering, No. 1, pp
137 146.
20. Saran, S., and Agarwal, V.C., 1973. Interference of surface footings in sands. Indian
Geotechnical Journal 4(2): 129 139.

References
21. Selvadurai, A.P.S., 1979. Elastic analysis of soil-foundation interaction. Elsevier
Scientific Publishing Company, The Netherlands.
22. Small, J.C. and Booker, J.R. 1984. Finite layer analysis of layered elastic materials
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23. Sokolovski, V.V., 1960. Statics of soil media. London, Butterworth Press.
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groups in sand. Symposium on piled foundations. Proc. I.A.B.S.E. (Stockholm).
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27. West, J.M., and Stuart, J.G., 1965. Oblique loading resulting from interference between
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INTERFERENCE EFFECT OF TWO NEARBY

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS: NUMERICAL APPROACH

Results from study on soil medium with self weight

with S/B for different values of |

with S/B for different values of |

with S/B for different values of |

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