What are

temperature
and heat?
Are they the
same?
What causes
heat?
How do we
measure
temperature?
What are we
actually
measuring?
What Is Temperature?
Temperature and Its Measurement
How do we measure temperature?
Thermometer: Device with a physical property
that changes with temperature and can be easily
measured quantitatively.
If two objects are in contact with one another
long enough, the two objects have the same
temperature (thermal equilibrium).
Two or more objects in thermal equilibrium
have the same temperature.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
Temperature Scales

The first widely used
temperature scale was devised
by Gabriel Fahrenheit.
Water freezing point: 32F
Water boiling point: 212F
Another widely used scale was
devised by Anders Celsius.
Water freezing point: 0C.
Water boiling point: 100C






Temperature Scales

Conversion between two scales:



E1. An object has a temperature
of 45C. What is its temperature
in degree Fahrenheit?
E2. The temperature of a winter
day is 14F. What is the
temperature in degree Celsius?






T
C
=
5
9
T
F
32
( )
T
F
=
9
5
T
C
+ 32
Zero Temperature
The zero point on the
Fahrenheit scale was based on
the temperature of a mixture of
salt and ice in a saturated salt
solution.
The zero point on the Celsius
scale is the freezing point of
water.
Both scales go below zero.
Is there an absolute zero?
What is absolute zero?
If the volume of a gas is kept
constant while the temperature is
different, the pressure will be
different.
The Third Temperature Scale

Absolute Temperature Scale (Kelvin Scale)


Example
Water freezing point: 0C =273.2 K.
Water boiling point: 100C = 373.2 K







T
K
=T
C
+273.2
Heat and Specific Heat Capacity
Steel has a lower specific
heat capacity than water.

Specific Heat Capacity
specific heat capacity (c): the quantity of heat needed to
change a unit mass (1 g) of the material by a unit amount in
temperature (1 C).
It is a property of the material, determined by experiment.
The specific heat capacity of water is 1 cal/gC





Table 10.1 Specific capacity of some common substances

Substance Specific Heat Capacity (in Cal/g/C)
Water 1.0
Ice 0.49
Steam 0.48
Ethyl alcohol 0.58
Glass 0.20
Aluminum 0.215

When a materials temperature is changed, we can
calculate how much heat absorbed/released by the
material:
Q = mcAT
where Q = quantity of heat
m = mass
c = specific heat capacity
AT = change in temperature
Example: E6
How much heat is required to raise the temperature of
70g of water from 20C to 80C
Heat and Temperature
Heat:
Heat is the energy that flows from one object to
another when there is a difference in temperature
between the objects. Heat is the average kinetic
energy of atoms or molecules making up the system.
Temperature:
Temperature is an indication
of whether or not and in which
direction, the heat will flow
(Temperature is an indication
of the average of kinetic energy
of atoms or molecules).


Phase Change and Latent Heat
When an object goes through a change of phase or
state, heat is added or removed without changing the
temperature. Instead, the state of matter changes:
solid to liquid, for example.

The amount of heat needed per unit mass to produce
a phase change is called the latent heat (L)
The latent heat of fusion of water is 80 cal/g (L
f
= 80
cal/g is 80 cal/g): it takes 80 calorie of heat the melt 1 g
of ice at 0C to become water at 0C.
The latent heat of vaporization of water is 540 cal/g (L
v

= 540 cal/g): it takes 540 calories of heat to turn one
gram of water at 100 C into steam at 100 C.
If the specific heat capacity of ice is
0.5 cal/gC, how much heat would have
to be added to 200 g of ice, initially at a
temperature of -10C, to

(a) raise the ice to the melting point?
(b) complete melt the ice?
Example Box 10.1
Heat and Mechanic Energy
Benjamin Thompson (1753-1814)
noticed that cannon barrels and drill
bits became hot during drilling.
Joule performed a series of experiments
showing that mechanical work could
raise the temperature of a system.

1 cal = 4.19 J
First law of Thermodynamics.

Energy Conservation - In an isolated system, the total
amount of energy, including heat, is conserved.
Applying the First Law of Thermodynamics

Example (Box 10.2) :A hot plate is used to transfer 400 cal
of heat to a beaker containing ice and water. 500 J of work
are also done on the contents of the beaker by stirring.

a) What is the increase in
internal energy of the
ice-water mixture?

b) How much ice melts in
this process?
Counting Food Calories
Calories in Physics and in food:
In Physics: 1 calories is the amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1 g of water 1 C.
In food: 1 Calories is the amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1 kg water 1 C
1 Cal =1,000 cal
Normal body maintenance uses up about 15 calories per day for
each pound of body weight.
You must consume about 3500 calories to gain a pound of weight.
To burn off 500 calories you would have to run 5 miles, bike 15
miles, or swim for an hour.


The Flow of Heat
Three basic processes for heat flow:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
A metal block at room
temperature will feel colder
than a wood block of the exact
same temperature. Why?
The rate of heat flow depends on:
a) the temperature difference between
the objects.
b) the thermal conductivity of the
materials, a measure of how well the
materials conduct heat.
Conduction: heat flow when in contact
Convection: heat is
transferred by the
motion of a fluid
containing thermal
energy.
Radiation, heat energy is
transferred by
electromagnetic waves.
can take place across a
vacuum.

What heat-flow processes are involved in
the greenhouse effect?
Lab T4. Measurement of the specific heat
Example: Suppose that you have 100 g of water at
the temperature of 20 C, and you have 50 g of a
metal at the temperature of 100 C. If you put the
metal into the water, and the final temperature is
30 C when the mix of water and aluminum reaches
a thermal equilibrium, what is the specific capacity
of the metal?