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Free-Water-Surface (FWS)

constructed wetlands

Grupo 04
Lina Rodriguez
Angelica Bernal
Paola Camacho
Angela muoz
Javier Quintero
Francisco Eraso
WETLANDS
Use aquatic plants for the
treatment of Municipal
and Industrial Waste
water.

Types of Systems
1. Free-Water-Surface
(FWS) constructed
wetlands
2. Subsurface-flow (SF)
constructed wetland
FREE-WATER-SURFACE CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS
Marsh and swamp

The emergent vegetation is
flooded to a depth that ranges
from 10cm to 45cm.

Cattails, reeds, sedges and rushes

Channels or basins with a a
natural or constructed
impermeable barrier to prevent
seepage.

W.W. is treated as it flows
through the vegetation by
attached bacteria and by physical
and chemical processes.

REPRESENTATIVE APPLICATIONS OF
CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
OBJECTIVE CONSTITUENT REMOVED
Acid mine drainage Metals and Acidity
Advanced Treatment Nitrogen and phosphorus, Heavy metals
Combined secondary and
advanced treatment
Organic matter (BOD), Total Suspended Solids
(TSS), Pathogens
Habitat development Enhanced environmental resources
Reclamation and water reuse BOD, TSS, pathogens
Secondary Treatment BOD, TSS, pathogens

Septage Treatment BOD, TSS, pathogens, Nitrogen and phosphorus

PRINCIPAL REMOVAL AND TRANSFORMATION
MECHANISM FOR THE CONSTITUENTS IN W.W.
CONSTITUENT FREE WATER SYSTEM
Biodegradable
Organics
Bioconversion by aerobic , facultative, and
anaerobic bacteria on plant and debris surfaces or
soluble BOD, adsorption, filtration, and
sedimentation of particulate BOD
Suspended Solids Sedimentation, Filtration
Nitrogen Nitrification/Denitrification, plant uptake
Phosphorus Sedimentation, plant uptake
Heavy Metals Adsorption of plant
Pathogens Natural Decay, Predation, UV irradiation,
Sedimentation, Excretion of antibiotics from roots
of plants.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Stems, submerged leaves, and litter
serve as support media for the growth
of attached bacteria.

Oxygen is transported from the leaves
down into the root zone, which
supports the plant growth.

Leaves above the water surface shade
the water and reduce the potential for
algal growth

Pretreatment for FWS wetlands :
Settling, screening, or stabilization
lagoons.

SITE SELECTION

Slopes of 0 to 3 percent are
most favorable.

Soils should be slowly
permeable.

Compacted clay or synthetic
liners may be required to
limit percolation.

Grounwater levels can be
relatively high without
causing any concern because
percolation is restricted.

VEGETATIN TYPES

Bulrush

Cattail

Common arrow head

Common Reed

Rush

Sedge

Yellow Flag
PROCESS PERFORMANCE
1. BOD and TSS removal
Removal are typically 60 to 80 percent for BOD and 50 to 90
percent for TSS (depending on the nature and concentration of the
influent TSS)

2. Ammonia Removal
Removal are typically 30 to 70 percent

3. Phosphorus Removal
Removal are typically 20 to 30 percent

4. Pathogen Removal
Fecal Coliform removals of 99.9 percent
Removal are typically 90 to 99 percent

PROCESS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1. Detention Time for BOD
The required detention time, taking into account axial dispersion
and temperature effects can be determined theoretically





Where
Cn = effluent BOD concentration from nth reactor in series (mg/L)
Co = inffluent BOD concentration
N = Number of complete-mix reactors in series
Ko=Overall BOD removal-rate constatnt corrected for T 1/d (0.678 1/d)

ko
n
Co Cn Q
V
t
n
* 1
) / (
1
/ 1
(

= =
2. Organic Loading Rate

The Organic Load (ORL) should not exceed 110 KgBOD/ha dia) if
aerobic conditions near the water surface are to be mainteined and
odors are to be minimized.

The organic Load can be checked by the following expression:



Where:
Lorg=Organic Loading rate (kgBOD/ha d)
C= BOD concentration in influent (mg/L)
dw=Depth of flow (m)
=Plant based void ratio 0.65 to 0.75 typically
F1=Conversion Factor (0.001kg/g)
t =Detention Time (d)
F2=Conversion Factor (10-4ha/m2)

2
1
*
) 1 )( )( )( (
F t
F dw C
Lorg
q
=
3. Required Surface Area

Once the detention time is calculated, the net area of the wetland can be
determined from




4. Aspect Ratio
The Surface Dimensions can be determined by the following expression:



W=With of FWS wetland (m)
A=Area of FWS wetland (m2)
RA= Aspect ratio, length/width (2:1 to 4:1)

) )( )( )( ( q dw t Qaver A =
2 / 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
A
R
A
w
6. Water Depth
Water depth can range from 10 to 45 cm
For warm water conditions the 10 to 20 cm range is typical

7. Vegetation Harvesting

Periodic harvesting of the emergent vegetation may be required to maintain
hydraulic capacity, promote active growth, or avoid mosquito production.
Harvesting for nutrient removal is not practical and is not recomended.
Harvested vegetation can be burned, chopped or composted and used as
mulch.

8. Vegetation Planting and Establishment

Planting can be done by seeding or transplanting most species.
0.5 to 2 years may be required before vegetation
in a constructed wetland becomes established fully.





Design Parameters
ITEM UNIT VALUE
Detention Time dia

2-5(BOD)
7-14(N)
BOD Loading rate (kg/ha-dia) <110
Water Depth cm 10-60
Minimum Size m2/(m3/d) 5-11
Aspect Ratio 2:1 to 4:1
Mosquito Control Required
Harvesting Interval year 3-5
Expected Effluent BOD mg/L <20
Expected Effluent TSS mg/L <20
Expected Effluent TN mg/L <10
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF FWS WETLANDS
1. Inlet and Outlet structures

Gated, pipe, weirs, or drilled
holes in distribution pipelines can
be used to spread the w.w.
across the inlet end of the
wetland.

The ability to vary the water
depth and to drain the basin
should be provided.

Basins should be sloped at 0.4 to
0.5 percent grade to facilitate
draining.
2. Recirculation

Can reduce organic and solid concentrations, provide more
dissolved oxygen to the inlet point, and improve overall
performance.
It is most effective when combined with step feed

3. Liners

Bentonite clay is a typical earthen liner
Geomembrane liners are also available
It depends on the site selected, soil type, groundwater
depth and quality, level of pretreatment.
Vegetation
CONSTRUCTION
IMPERMEABILITY
SUSTRATE
VEGETATION

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