Lecture 1

Chapter 0
Introduction

27
th
January 2014
Total Marks 100
Contact hrs: 3 per week
Text Book
Transport Phenomena
by
R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart, Edwin N. Lightfoot
Second Edition
Course Contents
Ch.E-407 TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
Viscosity and the mechanism of momentum transport; Velocity
distributions in laminar flow; The equations of change for
isothermal systems; Velocity distribution with more than one
independent variable
Thermal conductivity and mechanism of energy transport;
Temperature distribution in solids and in laminar flow; The
equations of change for non-isothermal systems
Diffusivity and the mechanisms of mass transport;
Concentration distribution in solids and in laminar flow; The
equations of change for multi-component systems.


What are Transport Phenomena?
Fluid Dynamics (transport of momentum)
Heat Transfer (transport of energy)
Mass Transfer (transport of mass)
Why Study Transport Phenomena?
The 3 processes occur simultaneously in industrial,
biological and agricultural problems.
The basic equations are closely related.
Mathematical tools used are similar.
The molecular mechanisms in these are nearly similar.
How to study Transport Phenomena?
Study the transportation of momentum, heat, mass
through media as governed by various laws of nature.
Basic parameters representing the phenomena and
nomenclature
Entity Being
Transported/
Type of
Transport
MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS
TRANSPORT
BY
MOLECULAR
MOTION
VISCOSITY

Newtons law of
viscosity.
Temperature, Pressure &
Composition dependence
on
Kinetic theory of
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY k
Fouriers law of heat
conduction Temperature,
Pressure, and composition
dependence on k

Kinetic theory of k
DIFFUSIVITY D
AB


Ficks law of diffusion
Temperature, Pressure, and
composition dependence on
D
AB

Kinetic theory of D
AB
TRANSPORT
in LAMINAR
FLOW or in
SOLIDS,
in ONE
DIMENSION
SHELL MOMENTUM
BALANCES

Velocity profiles
Average velocity
Momentum flux at
surfaces
SHELL ENERGY
BALANCES

Temperature profiles
Average temperature
Energy flux at surfaces
SHELL MASS
BALANCES

Concentration profiles
Average concentration
Mass flux at surfaces
Continue
Entity Being
Transported
Type of
Transport
MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS
TRANSPORT
in an
ARBITRARY
CONTINUUM
EQUATION OF
CHANGE (Isothermal)

Equation of continuity
Equation of motion
Equation of energy

EQUATION OF CHANGE
(Non-isothermal)

Equation of continuity
Equation of motion for
forced and free convection
Equation of energy

EQUATION OF CHANGE
(Multi-component)


Equation of continuity for
each species
Equation of motion for
forced and free convection
Equation of energy
TRANSPORT IN
LAMINAR
FLOW or in
SOLIDS,
WITH TWO
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLES
MOMENTUM
TRANSPORT

Unsteady viscous flow
Two-dimensional
viscous flow
Boundary-layer
momentum transport
ENERGY TRANSPORT

Unsteady heat conduction
Heat conduction in viscous
flow
Two-dimensional heat
conduction in solids
Boundary-layer energy
transport
MASS TRANSPORT

Unsteady diffusion
Diffusion in viscous flow
Two-dimensional diffusion
in solids
Boundary-layer mass
transport
Continue
Entity Being
Transported
Type of
Transport
MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS
TRANSPORT IN
TURBULENT
FLOW
TURBULENT
MOMENTUM
TRANSPORT

Time-smoothing of
equation of change
Eddy viscosity

Turbulent velocity
profiles
TURBULENT ENERGY
TRANSPORT


Time-smoothing of
equation of change
Eddy thermal conductivity

Turbulent temperature
profiles
TURBULENT MASS
TRANSPORT


Time-smoothing of equation
of change
Eddy diffusivity

Turbulent concentration
profiles
TRANSPORT
Between
TWO PHASES
INTERPHASE
MOMENTUM
TRASNPORT

Friction factor f

Dimensionless
correlations
INTERPHASE ENERGY
TRASNPORT

Heat-transfer coefficient h

Dimensionless
correlations (forced and
free convection)
INTERPHASE MASS
TRASNPORT

Heat-transfer coefficient k
x

Dimensionless correlations
(forced and free convection)

Continue
Entity Being
Transported
Type of
Transport
MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS
TRANSPORT
BY
RADIATION
MOMENTUM
TRANSPORT IN
POLYMERIC LIQUIDS

Behavior of Polymeric
Liquids
Molecular theories of
polymeric liquids
Rheometry
RADIENT ENERGY
TRANSPORT

Plancks radiation law
Stefan-Boltzmann law
Geometrical problems
Radiation through absorbing
media
MASS TRANSPORT IN
MULTI-COMPONENT
SYSTEMS
Concentration diffusion
and driving force
Mass transfer across
permeable membranes
Mass transfer in porous
media

TRANSPORT IN
LARGE FLOW
SYSTEMS
MICROSOPIC
BALANCES
(Isothermal)

Mass balance
Mechanical energy
balance
(Bernoulli equation)
MICROSOPIC
BALANCES
(Non-isothermal)

Mass balance
Momentum balance
Mechanical and total energy
balance
MICROSOPIC
BALANCES (Multi-
component)

Mass balance of each
species
Momentum balance
Mechanical and total
energy balance
THREE LEVELS OF STUDY OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
1. Macroscopic Level
2. Microscopic Level
3. Molecular Level
Macroscopic Level
No attempt to understand the
details of what is going on
within the control volume
Mainly used for the global
assessment of the problem
Integral Analysis
A Macroscopic Balance of
1. Mass
2. Momentum
3. Energy
Due to various inputs & outputs
from our control volume
Microscopic Level
An attempt to understand the
details of what is going on
within the control volume
Mainly used to get information of
1. Velocity profiles
2. Temperature profiles
3. Concentration profiles
A Microscopic Balance of
1. Mass
2. Momentum
3. Energy
Due to various inputs & outputs
from our control volume
Differential Analysis
To understand the process and optimize it
Molecular Level
To seek the fundamental understanding of the process of
1. Mass transfer
2. Momentum transfer
3. Energy transfer
In terms of molecular structure & intermolecular forces
A job primarily for
1. Theoretical Physicists
2. Physical Chemist
Some times Engineers/applied scientists do get involved in cases of
1. Complex molecules
2. Extreme temperatures/pressures
3. Chemical Reacting Flows
Each of these levels involve typical length scales
Molecular Level 1 to 1000 nanometers
Macroscopic Level Order of cm or m
Microscopic Level Micron to cm range
Requirements For Good Understanding Of This Subject
Physical Interpretation of key mathematical results
Get into the habit of relating physical ideas to equations
Comparison of intuition and results obtained
MATHEMATICS, Differential Equations, Vectors, Calculus
Understanding of dimensional analysis
Division of Book
Chapters 1-8: Flow of pure fluids at constant
temperature (momentum transport)
Chapters 9-16: Flow of pure fluids with varying
temperature (energy transport)
Chapters 17-24: Flow of fluid mixtures with varying
composition (convective mass transport)