State 2 for Detonation: The upper Chapman-Jouguet point

Increase in pressure, decrease in velocity to sonic speed

across a detonation wave.

Detonation velocities

Structure of Detonation Waves: ZND Model

Unburned
v
x,1
Burned

1
, P
1
, T
1,
c
1
, Ma
1

2
, P
2
, T
2
, c
2
, Ma
2
v
x,2
= c
2
=

L19: Detonation Waves and Velocities
2
RT
Detonations and Deflagrations: Comparison
Typical values for detonations and deflagrations are shown above
(Turns, Table 16.1, p. 617). Ma1 is prescribed to be 5.0 for normal
shock. For normal shock and deflagration for each P2/P1 a unique
normal Ma1 exists based on combined conservation of mass and
momentum. For detonation, a range exists based on the heat
release rate.
Property Normal
Shock
Detonation Deflagration
Ma1 5.0 5-10 0.001
Ma2 0.42 1.0 0.003
v
x,2
/v
x,1
0.2 0.4-0.7 7.5
P
2
/P
1
29 13-55 1
T
2
/T
1
5.8 8-21 7.5

2
/
1
5.0 1.7-2.6 0.13
Definition of Detonation Velocity
The speed at which the unburned mixture enters the
detonation wave approximated as one dimensional for an
observed riding with the one dimensional detonation wave By
definition:

and velocity of burned gases = v
x,2

1 ,1 2 2
2 2
1 1 ,1 2 2 , 2
2 2
1 ,1 2 , 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
/ (1)
(2)
/ 2 / 2 (3)
; (4)
x x
x x
x x
m A m v c
P v P v
h v h v
P RT P RT



''
= = =
+ = +
+ = +
= =
Unburned
v
x,1
Burned

1
, P
1
, T
1,
c
1
, Ma
1

2
, P
2
, T
2
, c
2
, Ma
2
,1 D x
v v =
v
x,2
= c
2
=

2
RT
Shock Wave: Density Ratio- Specific Heat Ratio
1/ 2 1/ 2
2
1 ,1 2 2 2 2 ,1 2
1
2 2
1 ,1 1 ,1
2 1 2
1 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 ,2 2 ,2 2 ,2 2 ,2 2 ,2
2
2 1 2 ,2
2 2 2
2 1
2 2 2
2 ,2 2 ,2 2 ,2 2 2
2
: / ( ) ; ( )
: 1 ; 1
( / )
1 / 1 1
x x x
x x
x x x x x
x
x x x
Mass m A m v c RT v RT
v v
P P P
Momentum P P
v v v v v
v
P P P
v v v RT

''
= = = = =
+ = + =
= = + = +
2 2
1
2 2
!
1 1
/ 1 1
Density ratioacross a shock related solelyto specifi
RT
RT
c heat ratio

+
= + = + =
2 1
1 1.4 1
: / 1.7143
1.4
For air

+ +
= = =

Shock Wave: Energy Equation
( ) ( )
2 2
1 ,1 2 ,2
, ,
1 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
2 1 ,1 ,2
2 2
2 1 ,1 ,2
( ) / 2 ( ) / 2
;
( ) ( ) ( ) / 2 /
/ ( ) / 2
p ref x p ref x
O O
i f i i f i
ref ref x x p p
p x x p
c T T v q c T T v
q Yh Yh
P RT P RT
T T T T v v c q c
T T q c v v c

+ + = +
=
= =
= + +
= + +

2 2
1 ,1 2 ,2
/ 2 / 2 (3)
x x
h v h v + = +

Shock Wave: Energy Equation: KE in terms of Props.
2 2
2 1 ,1 ,2
2
2 1 2 1 2
2
1 2
2
1
1
2
,1 1
/ ( ) / 2
/ (( / ) 1) / 2
1
/ ( / 2 ) ( ) 1
2
/
1
,
2( 1) ( / )
p x x p
p p
p p
p
D x p
T T q c v v c
T T q c RT c
T q c RT c
T q c
Finally
v v R T q c

= + +
= + +
( +
= + +
(

( = +

+
( = = + +

Also see variable specific heat based shock relations:
16.26, 16.27, 16.28
Properties of the Hugoniot Curve
The Hugoniot curve is a plot of all possible values of (1/
2
, P
2
)
for given values of q and (1/
1
, P
1
). The point (1/
1
, P
1
) is the
origin of the Hugoniot plot and is designated by the symbol A.
P
2
1/
2
The Hugoniot curve can be divided into five regions by drawing
tangents to the curve from point A and by drawing horizontal
and vertical lines from point A. Region V can be eliminated
because it does not give us real intersections with any Raleigh
line. AU and AL are both Raleigh lines one corresponding to
a detonation and the other corresponding to a deflagration.
P
2
1/
2
( ) ( )
1
1 1 2 2 2 1
2
2
2 2 2
1
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1
2
1 2 2
1
2
1 2 1
1/ 1/
1
0
v v v v
P v P v P v
v
P P

= =
+ = + = +
(
= <
(

Applying the conservation of mass relation and the
conservation of momentum relation to Region V gives us
imaginary values for
1
v
It turns out that usually the only physically realizable
conditions, as established by experiments, are the point U (M
2

= 1) and region III (subsonic deflagration). Now we will show
that the Mach number is unity at point U. Begin with the
Hugoniot relation:
( )
2 1 1
2 1 2
2 1 1 2
1 1
1
P P
q P P

| | | |
= +
| |

\ . \ .
Differentiate with respect to 1/
2
for fixed q, P
1
, 1/
1
:
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
2
1 2 2 1
2
1
0
1 1 1/
1 1
1/ 1/
2 1/ 2
dP
P
d
dP
P P
d

= +

+
Rearranging and solving for :
| |
( ) ( )
( ) | | | | | | ( )
( ) ( )
( )| | ( )| |
( ) ( )
| | | | ( ) | | | | ( )
2 1 2
2
2 2 1 2
2 1
2 1
2 1 2 1
2 1 1 2
2 1
1/ 2 1 1/ 1/ 1/
1 1
1 1/ 1 1/
1/ 1/ 1/ 1/
P P P
dP
d
P P
P P P P

(

=
+ (

+ +
=
+
+ +
=
+ +
| |
2
2
1/
dP
d
At the Chapman-Jouget points U and L, the slope is also
given by the Rayleigh line which is tangent to the RH curve.
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 1
2 2 1
1/ 1 1
C J
dP P P
d

(

=
(


P
2
( )
2
1
Equating the two expressions for :
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 1 2
1 1 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/
P P P P P P

+ +
=
+ +
2 2
/ (1/ ) dP d
And simplifying
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 1 2 2 1
2 2 1 2 2 1
2 1
2 2
2 1
1/
1/ 1/
1/
1/
1/
P P P P 1/
1/ 1/ P P
P 1/ 1/ P P
P 1/ 1/ P P
P P
P
1/






+ + = (

+ + (

=
+

But we already showed that:

( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 1
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
1 1
P P
m v P
P P
v R T c
v c

''
= = =

= = = =
=
P
2
2
1/
At the Chapman-Jouget points U and L the speed of the
burned gases in a reference frame fixed to the combustion
wave is equal to the speed of sound (M
2
= 1). We can also
obtain an expression for the Mach number of the unburned
gases in the reference frame attached to the combustion
wave. Rewrite conservation of mass and momentum in terms
of Mach number M
1
:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
2 1
1 1
1 2
5
1 1
P P
m u

''
= =

1 1 1 1 1
v
/
/
p
c R T P
c c

= =
=
Multiplying both the LHS and RHS by /(
1
P
1
) we obtain:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2
1 1
1 1 1
2
1 1 1 1 1
2 1
2 1
1 1 1 2 1 2
2 1 2
1
1 2
/
1
1 1 1
1
1
v v
v M
P P c
P P
P P
P
P P
M

| |
= = =
|
\ .
| |

= =
|

\ .

Consider now the velocity of the burned gases V

2
in the
laboratory frame. Velocity of unburned gases V
1
= 0, and
velocity of the combustion wave V
w
= V
1
. In the diagram below
the velocities V
w
and V
2
are positive in the direction shown:
1
2 2
w
w
V V
V V v
=
=
Unburned
V
w
Burned
V
2

1
, P
1
, T
1

2
, P
2
, T
2
Lets develop a relation between velocity difference and
density difference across the combustion wave:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 1 1 2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
1 1
m m
v v m v m v
v v m



'' ''
'' ''
= =
| |
''
=
|
\ .
At the upper Chapman-Jouguet point we have:
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 1 2
2 1 2
1 1 0
0
v v m v v
V v v
= < < (

= >
For a detonation, burned gases follow the combustion wave.
P
2
1/
2
For the deflagration wave:
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 1 2
2 1 2
1 1 0
0
v v m v v
V v v
= > < (

= <
P
2
1/
2
For a deflagration, burned gases move away from the
combustion wave.
Zeldovich, von Neumann, and Dring in the early 1940's
independently formulated similar theories of the structure of
detonation waves. The structure is shown in the diagram below:
20
10
1
P/P
1
T/T
1
/
1
Reaction Zone
Normal
Shock
Induction
Zone
1 1' 1" 2