DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING

Terminology of Gauges


Presented by
M.S.Khanapet
Tolerance of parts
Inevitable inaccuracy of manufacturing methods,
it is not possible to make a part precisely to a
given dimension and may only be made to lie
between two limits ie max and min.
Fits
When parts are assembled, the relation
resulting from the difference between their
size before assembly.
Symbols for tolerance and deviation and
symbols for fits
The tolerance, the value of which is a function of
the basic size is designated by a number symbol
called grade.

A letter symbols a capital letter for holes and
small letter for shafts.

Tolerance size:- It is defined by its basic value
followed by a symbol composed of a letter and a
numeral
Ex:- 50g7
Symbols for tolerance and deviation and
symbols for fits
Fit:- Defined by its basic value followed by a symbol
corresponding to each component the hole being
quoted first.

Ex:-50H8/g7

Fundamental deviation
Zero
line
Tolerance zone
Basic size Minimum
Limit
Of size
Maximum
Limit
Of size
Lower
Deviation
Upper
deviation
Tolerance
Actual size
Size of a part may be found by measurement.

Limits of size
Two extreme permissible sizes between which
actual size is contained.

Maximum limits of size
Greater of two is called maximum limits.

Minimum limit of size
Smaller one of the two limits of size.

Basic size
Size with reference to which the limits of size are fixed.

Deviation
Algebraic difference between a size and the corresponding
basic size.

Upper deviation
Algebraic difference between the maximum limit of size and
corresponding basic size.
Lower Deviation
Algebric difference between the minimum limit of size and
the corresponding basic size.

Zero line
It is graphical representation of limits and fits a straight line
to which the deviations are referred.

Tolerance
Algebraic difference between upper and lower deviations
and has an absolute value with sign.

For any basic size there are 25 different holes.

These holes are designated by capital letters
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,JS,J,K,M,N,P,R,S,T,U,V,X,Y,Z,ZA,ZB,ZC

25 holes has choice of 18 tolerance designated
IT01,IT0,IT1,IT2 up to IT16
Tolerance grade decides the accuracy of manufacture.




+Ve
B
A
-ve
0
-ve
+ve
0
js
h
g
f
e
d
c
b
a
j
k
m
n
p
r
s
t
u
v
x
y
z
za
zb
zc
ZB
ZA Z
Y
X
V
U
T
S
R
Q
P
N
M
K
J
JS
H
G
F
E
D
C
ZC
Basic size
Shaft
A term used by convection to designate all extarnal features
of a part including those are not cylindrical.

Hole
It designate all internal features of a part including those are
not cylindrical.

Basic Shaft
A shaft whose upper deviation is zero.

Basic Hole
a hole whose lower deviation zero.


Guide for selection of fits
In this innumerable number of combination of shafts and
holes may be used for a fit.

25 Sizes of shafts and 25 sizes of holes, each having 18
grades of tolerances.

To avoid confusion some guidelines are followed.

It is normally easier to produce a shaft with a specified
tolerance than with a hole with the same tolerance due to
fixed character of hole producing tools.

Hole is basic size and shaft has allowance.


SYSTEMS
The Newall system
1. First evolved in great Britain
2. Approximately provides range of clearance, transition
and interference fits for sizes up to 12

British Standard 1916
1. Grade of tolerances are -16
2. Range of sizes from 0.04 inch to 20 inches
SYSTEMS

American standards association tolerance
system
1. It specifies 8 fits

ISO system of limits and fits
1. It list full range of 28 holes and 28 shafts covering all
possible requirements.