Excitable Tissue

(Muscle)
V. Sutarmo Setiadji
Motor unit
- One motor neuron and a number of
muscle cells which are innerveted
by that neuron.
- The number of muscle cells that
are innervated by a motor neuron
are depend on the work of the
muscles. Smoother the work which
must be accomplished, lesser the
number of the cells that are
innervated.
- The least motor unit is in the
external eye muscles.

- How about m. deltoideus and mm.
flexor and extensor digitorum?

- And how about vocal cord muscles?

Reflex arcs
- To accomplish a work, a muscle
needs to be integrated with the
nervous system as an effector.

- The manifestation of the function
of the nervous system can be
seen through the function of their
effectors (muscles and glands).
Skin
Receptor
Afferent neuron
Spinal cord
Efferent neuron
Muscle (as an effector)
Central
nervous
system
Reflex arc as a simplest neurons
sequence
Wikipedia)
- In a thinking process, the
interaction of neurons are only
between them. It does not
observable.

- The result of the thinking process
is manifest through effectors.

- Examples .
Terminal button
Synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter
vesicle
Neurotransmitter
Membran pascasinaps
Post synaptic receptors and ion channels
Synapse
Neuromuscular junction
Each action potential which arrives in
the motor end-plate, usually enough
to elicit the muscle action potential. (all or none law).
Excitation-contraction coupling
1. Acetylcholine (ACh) is released
from the somatic motor neuron.
2. ACh initiate an action potential in
the muscle fiber.
3. The muscle action potential
triggers calcium release from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4. Calcium combines with troponin
and initiates contraction.
ACh synaptic cleft combine
with nAChR in end-plate channels
open Na
+
to cross the membrane
depolarize the membrane end-plate
potential muscle action potential
open voltage gated Ca
2+
channels
Ca
2+
enter the cell calcium induce
calcium release through ryanodine
Receptors increase intracell Ca
2+

Ca
2+
bind to troponin contraction
Actin and myosin slide past each other
during contraction contraction
creates force.
Tension developed by individual
muscle fibers is a function of fiber
length.
Skeletal muscle is classified by speed
and resistence to fatigue.
Muscle contraction
- Isotonic contraction: tonus of each
of contracted muscle cell is the
same during contraction

- Isometric contraction: the length of
the muscle is maintained

- Isokinetic contraction: the speed of
contraction is the same
- Clonic contraction: the stimulus
from the CNS arrived at the same
time (synchronic) to all the motor
units.

- Tonic contraction: the stimulus from
the CNS come to the motor units
at different time (asynchronic)
Muscles disorders
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Muscle cramp
Contracture
Rigor mortis
Necrosis
Muscle pain
Muscle regeneration







Describe the neuromuscular junction.
Mention two main types of skeletal muscle fiber.
Explain the mechanism of all or none law, muscle tension,
starting length in muscle contraction,
Explain the mechanism of isometric, isokinetic and isotonic contraction
Explain reactions of skeletal muscle to injury and disorders including
atrophy, hypertrophy, necrosis, contracture, regeneration