by

Adolf
Rizky
Hendi
Paul
METABOLISM
Metabolism literally: change
Metabolism refer to all the chemical and
energy transformation that occur in the body
Catabolismprocess that liberate energy
Carbohydrate, fat and proteinoxidationCO
2
,
H
2
O, and energy
Anabolismprocess that need
energystored in the form of energy-rich
phosphate compounds and also proteins,
fats, and complex carbohydrates



Factors affecting metabolism:
Height, weight, and surface area
Sex
Age
Growth
Reproduction
Body temperature
Emotional state
Thyroid hormone level
ENERGY BALANCE
First Law of Thermodynamics
Balance between caloric intake and energy
output
If caloryless than the energy output
negative balanceendogenous
storesglycogen, body protein & fat are
catabolized loses weight
If calory from the food intake exceeds
energy loss (heat and work) positive
balanceenergy is stored, gains weight



Energy from ingested nutrients may be
used immediately or stored
1. Energy atp, phosphocreatine, or
other high energy compounds
2. Synthesis needed for growth and
maintenance of cells and tissues
3. Storage glycogen and fat storage
makes energy available for times or
fasting
ENERGY TRANSFER
Energy formation of bond between
using high energy phosphate compounds
The energy is released hydrolysis of
the bond
The most important: ATP (Adenosine
Triphosphate) hydrolysis ADP
(Adenosine Dihosphate) liberate
energy
Others: creatine phosphate
(phosphorylcreatine; CrP) in muscles,
coenzyme A (CoA)
BIOLOGIC OXIDATIONS
Biologic oxidations are catalyzed by specific enzymes
Cofactors (simple ions) or coenzymes (organic, nonprotein
substances) are substances that act as carriers for products
of the reaction catalyze a variety of reactions
Most coenzymes is a hydrogen acceptors
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD
+
) and
dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP
+
)
forming dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)
and dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
(NADPH)
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) forming flavin
mononucleotide (FMN)combines with AMP, forming the
dinucleotide
FAD forming its hydro (FADH) and dihydro (FADH
2
)
derivatives
Oxidative Phosphorilation

The spesific absorbed nutrient depends
on whether the biomolucule is a
carbohydrate, protein, or fat.
Carbhohydrates absorbed glucose
Proteins absorbed amino acids
Fats absorbed fatty acids and
glycerol

Glucose Metabolism
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis

Glucose Metabolism

Cyctric Acid Cycle

Glycogen Formation and
Breakdown

ENERGY PRODUCTION
On anaerobic condition 2 ATP
On aerobic condition 19x greater 38
ATP:
2 mol of phosphoglyceraldehyde
converted to phosphoglycerate 2
NADHs 6 ATP
Pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA 2
NADHS 6 ATP
2 turns of Cytric Acid cycle 24 ATP (18
from 6 NADHs, 4 from 2 FADH
2
s, 2 from
Succynil CoA succinate)
Energy Production
Amino Acid Metabolism

Gluconeogenesis and
Transaminase
of Amino Acid

Fatty Acid Metabolism

Biosynthesis of Cholesterol
Formation of Prostaglandins and
Thromboxanes

Human body devide metabolism:
fed / absorptive state anabolic state
fasted/ postabsorptive state catabolic state

Carbohydrates glucose
In the fed state
1. used immediately for energy through
aerobic pathways
2. used for lipoprotein synthesis in the liver
3. excess converted to fat and storage in
adipose tissue ( glucose pyruvate
acetyl CoA fatty acids)
Proteins amino acids
In the fed state
1. protein synthesis
2. If needed for energy amino acids
convert in liver to intermediates for
aerobic metabolism
3. excess converted to fat and storage in
adipose tissue ( amino acids acetyl
CoA fatty acids)
Fats tryglycerides
In the fed state
stored as fats primarily in liver and adipose
tissue

During fasting
Liver glycogen is broken down adds glucose
to the bloodstream
More prolonged fasting glycogen is depleted
+ increased gluconeogenesis from amino acids
and glycerol in the liver


Homeostatic control of
metabolism
Pancreatic hormones
Insulin and glucagon the ratio of
insulin to glucagon is a key to metabolic
regulation
Insulin anabolic increasing the
storage of glucose, fatty acids, and
amino acids
Glucagon catabolic mobilizing
glucose, fatty acids, and the amino acids
from stores into the bloodstream



Actions of insulin:
Increase glucose and amino acids
transport into insulin sensitive cells
Enhances storage of glucose (glycogen
syntesis)
Enchances storage of amino acids
Stimulation of protein synthesis
Increased lipid and fatty acid synthesis
Parasympathetic activity

Actions of glucagon:
Increased breakdown of glycogen
(glycogenolysis)
Increases gluconeogenesis
Increases breakdown of lipid (lipolysis)
Increased keton bodies formation
(ketogenesis)
Inotropic effect in heart


Adrenal glucocorticoids hormones:
Cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis
Cortisol cause the breakdown of skeletal
muscle protein to provide substrate for
gluconeogenesis
Cortisol suppresses the immune system
On large dose, cortisol is catabolic on
bone tissue

GROWTH
Growth is a complex phenomenon
orderly sequence of maturational changes
accretion of protein and increase in
length and size (not just weight)
Affected by growth hormone,
somatomedins, thyroid hormones,
androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and
insulin
Other factors: genetic, and adequate
nutrition (protein, vitamin, mineral, calories)
Growth Periods
2 Period of rapid growth:
1. Infancy
Continuation from fetal growth period
2. Late puberty
Growth spurt due to growth hormone,
androgens, and estrogens growth stop
closure of epiphyses by estrogens



Puberty
Puberty marks the beginning of the
reproductive years
Puberty is the period when a person
makes a transition from the being
nonproductive to being reproductive.
In girls menarche, telarche, pubarche
In boys secondary sex characteristics
AGING
Aging is a general physiologic process that
is as yet poorly understood
Aging decrease of processes affects
cells and the systems also tissue
components (eg. collagen)
Declines in the circulating levels of some sex
hormones, the adrenal androgen
dehydroepiandrosterone, and growth
hormone

Theories of aging:
1. Result of random mutations in the DNA
of somatic cells
2. Cumulative abnormalities produced by
increased cross-linkage of collagen and
other proteins
3. Cumulative result of damage to tissues
by free radicals formed in them

Menopause and
andropause
Women reproductive cycles stop completely at
the time known as menopause
The failure of reproductive cycles is caused by
the ovaries, which no longer respond to
gonadotropins (pituitary function is normal)
In women symptoms hot flashes, athropy
of the genitalia, osteoporosis, night sweats,
psychic symptoms
In men testoterone production decreases with
ages
There is no "male menopause" (andropause)
similar to that occurring in women
Thank You