5 June 2014 1 5 June 2014 1 5 June 2014

CONSTRUCTION. Classification

HYDRAULIC MACHINES
5 June 2014 2
CONSTRUCTION
THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF TURBOMACHINES. THEIR
ROLE
Buidings.
The blades of the impeller are
usually placed between two parallel
disks; one is fixed on the shaft (the
crown) and the other one that
contains the inlet of the fluid (the
ring).
5 June 2014 3
The principle of operation
The fluid passes through the suction
pipe, gets into the rotor where a
kinetic energy is inculcated upon it,
which afterwards is converted into
potential energy in the spiral room
and in the discharge pipe. Some
centrifugal pumps are equipped with
a stator with blades that have the
role to convert the kinetic load into
pressure load and to direct the fluid.
5 June 2014 4
The components of centrifugal
pump
5 June 2014 5
the classification of turbo pumps and
the shape of the meridian suction of
their rotor
Hydrodynamic pumps or turbo
pumps may be classified by the
specific rotation
or dynamic rapidity, that can be
considered as the rotation of a pump
geometrically similar with the given
one, which absorbs a power of 1 H.P.
at a load of 1m:
5 June 2014 6
Classification
5 June 2014 7
Specific rotation ns and
rotation n measured with the
tachometer, obviously cannot
have the same dimension.
In order to classify the turbo
pumps we can also use their
characteristic rotation or
kinematic rapidity:
The turbopump theory
Hypotheses:

a) Between two consecutive
blades of the rotor of the
centrifugal pump, the flow of
the fluid is stationary, in the
shape of some streamlines that
take the curvature of the blade.
b) Inside the pump we dont
have hydrodynamic losses.
c) The rotor consists of an
infinite number of blades with
negligible thickness.

5 June 2014 8
The speeds
5 June 2014 9
The fundamental equation of turbo
machines, applied in the case of centrifugal
pumps can be obtained in several ways:

a) by applying the theory of variation
for the moment of movement
quantity (impulse)

b) by applying Bernoullis equation
for the relative movement between
the points 1 and 2.

5 June 2014 10
The fundamental equation of
turbo machines

a) by applying
the theory of
variation for the
moment of
movement
quantity
(impulse)

5 June 2014 11
The fundamental equation of
turbo machines

b) by applying
Bernoullis
equation for the
relative
movement
between the
points 1 and 2.

5 June 2014 12

The fundamental equation of
turbo machines
5 June 2014 13
5 June 2014 14
CONSTRUCTION OF THE ROTOR(IMPELLER)
5 June 2014 15
Construction of hydraulic machines
The cinematics of movement in turbomachines
5 June 2014 16
The cinematics of movement in
turbomachines
a. The representation of parametersmovement in the rotor in the fixed reference
system
b. The representation of parametersmovement in the rotor in the mobile reference
system
O
1
x
1
y
1
z
1

Oxyz
k j i t
x

5 June 2014 17
CONSTRUCTION
The relationship between kinematic elements
5 June 2014 18
CONSTRUCTION
c. Customize cinematic parameters of flow to movement in the rotor case
taking into account the following assumptions:
- It is acceptable that the z axis is along the machine axis, and the distance
between the origins of the two systems is constant
- The reference cell is rotating rotor machine
- the fluid is considered ideal
- fixed reference system and the mobile is conveniently
choose






accepted to represent the cylindrical coordinate system(R, , z);



- accepted to represent the cylindrical coordinate system(R, , z)
5 June 2014 19
Following expressions are obtained
5 June 2014 20
The hypothesys of potential absolute
movement
5 June 2014 21
d. Velocity triangles

5 June 2014 22
Velocity triangles
Inlet and outlet

5 June 2014 23
Correlation between functional user request parameters (flow rate Qn, head
Hn ) and constructive parameters of the machine
.
It has adopted a number of simplifying assumptions about the
machine and fluid



Peculiarities of functioning of hidropneumatice specific machines of a certain
fluid transported or of a specific sense of energy transfer:

differences that may arise in the case of liquids and gases transports
differences that may arise in the event of a transfer of energy in forcing and
working machines




differences that may arise in the event of a transfer of energy in cars and
working
The laws governing the flow in turbomachines
5 June 2014 24
Flow rate and load of turbomachines in the
assumptions: the ideal, ideal fluid machine
5 June 2014 25
The equation of continuity for control volume V0, S0 surface delimited

We make the following observations:
- The speed v0 is just the relative speed of the fluid in
the rotor
- The absolute speed may be expressed in terms of relative speed
- The relative speed is tangential to the internal boundaries of the rotor
n vr
S
E
S
I
zS
z


The integral on these area is nuled and the equation may be write
5 June 2014 26
It is observed that, for the sake of axial symmetry

micarea are simetrie axial, adic v
rm1
, v
rm2
i
the movement has axial symmetry, i.e. Vrm1, vrm2 and the density,

It cannot change over the surfaces S1, S2

5 June 2014 27
Theoretical flow of theoretical rotor

If fluid considered compression connectors (blowers and compressors)








rs)

If the fluids are considered incompresibile

5 June 2014 28
Theoretical load (head) of the rotor in theory

Observations:
-the movement of the fluid in the impeller is considered permanent

- The absolute speed are expressed
5 June 2014 29
-These cross-sectional surfaces S1, S2, have axial symmetry,
and their normals n1, n2, passing through the axis of the machine

-The fluid is ideal, that means the relative movement is tangent to the surfaces
-SI, SE, zSz
- the forces of gravity for reasons of symmetry, have the application directly
on the rotor axis

5 June 2014 30













the pressure forces the fluid acts on impeller crowns the rotors are equal and
opposite forces sign with these areas acting on the fluid, producing hydraulic
torque

The expression of angular momentum theorem becomes


The components of the moment after the R and directions are taken from
shaft of machines, so the Mz is received from your machine, and drive
then, rotary, the fluid conveyed

5 June 2014 31
Control surface has axial symmetry

Using cylindrical coordinates for expressions of cinematical parameters
For reasons of symmetry, axial surfaces S1 and S2,
the values of the density and speed remain constant

So
5 June 2014 32
Taking into account the hypothesis of
ideal fluid

But so:
The Basic Law of the turbomachines (turbopumps)
5 June 2014 33
Conclusions
from the fundamental theorem of turbomachines expressions

1. Conclusions on the basis
of the expression

2. Conclusions on the basis
of the expression

5 June 2014 34
CONSTRUCTIA MASINILOR HIDRAULICE
The extent of reaction

We distinguish the following types of machines depending on the degree of
reaction

R = 1 - pure reaction machines

- reaction machines
- action machines
- Pure action machines