ch14 95 (Cha)

Structured COBOL Programming, Stern &
Stern, 9th Edition

CHAPTER 14
SORTING AND MERGING
Stern, 9th Edition
THE SORT STATEMENT
Records in files frequently must be sorted into specific
sequences for updating, answering inquiries, or
generating reports.
Sorting is a common procedure used for arranging records
into a specific order so that sequential processing can be
performed.
There are two techniques used for sorting files
processed by COBOL programs.
One is to use either a utility or a database management
system's sort program.
This sort program is completely separate from the COBOL
program.
Stern, 9th Edition
FORMAT OF THE SORT STATEMENT
The second alternative is COBOL's SORT verb,
which can make it very useful as part of a
COBOL program.
Often, a COBOL program will SORT a file prior to
processing it. A simplified format follows:
SORT file-name-1
{ON {DESCENDING}{ASCENDING}
KEY data-name-1. .}
USING file-name-2
GIVING file-name-3
Stern, 9th Edition
Sequencing Records with More Than
One SORT Key
The SORT verb may be used to sequence
records with more than one key field.
Suppose that we wish to sort fields in
ascending alphabetic sequence by name,
within each office. That is:
Office number is the major sort field
Level number is the intermediate sort field
Name is the minor sort field
Stern, 9th Edition
Sequencing Records with More Than
One SORT Key
The following is a SORT statement that sorts
records into ascending alphabetic NAME
sequence within LEVEL-NO within OFFICE-
NO:
SORT SORT-FILE
ON ASCENDING KEY OFFICE-NO
ON ASCENDING KEY LEVEL-NO
ON ASCENDING KEY NAME
USING PAYROLL-FILE-IN
GIVING SORTED-PAYROLL-FILE-OUT
Stern, 9th Edition
ASCENDING / DESCENDING
Key
If all key fields are to be sorted in ascending
sequence we can code using the phrase ON
ASCENDING KEY only once:
SORT SORT-FILE
ON ASCENDING KEY MAJOR-KEY
INTERMEDIATE -KEY
MINOR-KEY
Stern, 9th Edition
Coding a Simple SORT Procedure with
the USING and GIVING Options
There are three major files used in a sort:
1. Input file: File of unsorted input records.
2. Work or sort file: File used to store records
temporarily during the sorting process.
3. Output file: File of sorted output records.
Stern, 9th Edition
Coding a Simple SORT Procedure with the
USING/GIVING Options
The SORT-FILE is actually assigned to a temporary
work area that is used during processing but not
saved.
Only the unsorted disk file and the sorted output disk
file are assigned standard file-names so that they
can be permanently stored.
FDs are used in the DATA DIVISION to define and
describe the input and output files in the usual way.
The sort or work file is described with an SD entry.
Stern, 9th Edition
QUESTIONS! ??
Stern, 9th Edition
SELF-TEST
1. Suppose we want EMPLOYEE-FILE records
in alphabetic order by NAME within DISTRICT
within TERRITORY, all in ascending sequence.
The output file is called SORTED-EMPLOYEE-
FILE. Complete the following SORT
statement: SORT WORK-FILE ...
Solution:
ON ASCENDING KEY TERRITORY
ON ASCENDING KEY DISTRICT
ON ASCENDING KEY NAME
USING EMPLOYEE-FILE
GIVING SORTED-EMPLOYEE-FILE
Stern, 9th Edition
SELF-TEST
2. How many files are required in a SORT
routine? Describe these files.

Solution:
Three; input--unsorted; work or sort file--
temporary;
output--sorted

Stern, 9th Edition
SELF-TEST
3. The work or sort file is defined as an ______
in the DATA DIVISION.

Solution: SD (SORT DESCRIPTION)
Stern, 9th Edition
SELF-TEST
4. Suppose we have an FD called NET-FILE-IN,
an SD called NET-FILE, and an FD called NET-
FILE-OUT.
We want NET-FILE-OUT sorted into ascending DEPT-
NO sequence. Code the PROCEDURE DIVISION
entry.
Solution:
SORT NET-FILE
ON ASCENDING KEY DEPT-NO
USING NET-FILE-IN
GIVING NET-FILE-OUT
Stern, 9th Edition
SELF-TEST
5. In Question 4, DEPT-NO must be a field
defined within the (SD/FD) file

Solution: SD
Stern, 9th Edition
THE MERGE STATEMENT
COBOL has a MERGE statement that will
combine two or more files into a single file. Its
format is similar to that of the SORT:
MERGE file-name-1 {ON {ASCENDING}
{DESCENDING} KEY data-name-1. .}
USING file-name-2 {file-name-3} . . .
{OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS procedure-name-1
GIVING {file-name-4 [{THROUGH}{THRU} procedure-
name-2]}
Stern, 9th Edition
THE MERGE STATEMENT

MERGE MERGE-FILE
ON ASCENDING KEY M-EMP-NO
USING DOWNSTATE-PAYROLL-FILE
UPSTATE-PAYROLL-FILE
GIVING MASTER-PAYROLL-FILE.
Stern, 9th Edition
THE MERGE STATEMENT
File-name-1 is a work file designated as an SD.
The key field specified as data-name-1, and any
subsequent key fields, are defined within the SD.
The first key field indicated in the ASCENDING
or DESCENDING KEY clause of the MERGE is
the major one, followed by intermediate and
minor key fields.
Rules for ASCENDING/DESCENDING KEY,
USING, GIVING, and OUTPUT PROCEDURE
are the same as for the SORT.
Stern, 9th Edition
THE MERGE STATEMENT
With the USING clause, we indicate the files to be
merged.
Unlike the SORT, however, an INPUT PROCEDURE
may not be specified with a MERGE statement: you
may only process records after they have been
merged, not before.
The OUTPUT PROCEDURE has the same format as
the SORT and may be used with a MERGE to:
1. Flag duplicate records as errors.
2. Ensure duplicate records.
Stern, 9th Edition
THE MERGE STATEMENT
The MERGE statement automatically handles
the opening, closing, and input/output
(READ/WRITE functions) associated with the
files.
The files to be merged must each be in
sequence by the key field.
If ASCENDING KEY is specified, then the merged
output file will have records in increasing order by
key field.
If DESCENDING KEY is specified, the merged
output file will have key fields from high to low.

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Structured COBOL Programming, Stern &

Stern, 9th Edition

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