Lecture 3 - Fundamentals

June 6, 2003
CVEN 444
Lecture Goals
Concrete Properties
Steel Properties


Concrete Mixing and
Proportioning

Quality
Workability
Economical
In the design of concrete mixes, three principal
requirements for concrete are of importance:
Concrete Mixing and
Proportioning
Quality of concrete is measured by its
strength and durability. The principal factors
affecting the strength of concrete , assuming
a sound aggregates, W/C ratio, and the
extent to which hydration has progressed.
Durability of concrete is the ability of the
concrete to resist disintegration due to
freezing and thawing and chemical attack.
Concrete Mixing and
Proportioning
Workability of concrete may be defined as a
composite characteristic indicative of the ease
with which the mass of plastic material may
deposited in its final place without
segregation during placement, and its ability
to conform to fine forming detail.
Concrete Mixing and
Proportioning
Economical takes into account effective use
of materials, effective operation, and ease of
handling. The cost of producing good quality
concrete is an important consideration in the
overall cost of the construction project.
Concrete Mixing and
Proportioning
The influence of ingredients on properties
of concrete.
Concrete Mixing and
Proportioning
3. Workability
Workability measured by slump test
1. Layer 1: Fill 1/3 full. 25 stokes
2. Layer 2: Fill 2/3 full. 25 stokes
3. Layer 3: Fill full. 25 stokes
4. Lift cone and measure slump (typically 2-6 in.)
1 2 3 4
12
slump
Concrete Mixing and
Proportioning
Slump test - The measurement of the consistency of the
mix is done with the slump-cone test. The recommend
consistency for various classes of concrete structures .
Concrete Mixing and
Proportioning

4. Admixtures
Applications:
Improve workability
Accelerate or retard setting and
hardening
Aid in curing
Improve durability




Concrete Mixing and
Proportioning
4. Admixtures
Air-Entrainment: Add air voids with bubbles
Help with freeze/thaw cycles, workability,
etc.
Decreases density: reduces strength, but
also decreases W/C
Superplasticizers: increase workability by
chemically releasing water from fine
aggregates.
Concrete Mixing and
Proportioning
5. Types of Cement
Type I: General Purpose
Type II: Lower heat of hydration than
Type I
Type III: High Early Strength
Higher heat of hydration
quicker strength (7 days vs. 28 days for
Type I)
Concrete Mixing and
Proportioning
5. Types of Cement

Type IV: Low Heat of Hydration
Gradually heats up, less distortion
(massive structures).
Type V: Sulfate Resisting
For footings, basements, sewers, etc.
exposed to soils with sulfates.
Concrete Mixing and
Proportioning
Failure Mechanism of Concrete
Shrinkage
Microcracks are the
initial shrinkage cracks
due to carbonation
shrinkage, hydration
shrinkage, and drying
shrinkage.
Concrete Mixing and
Proportioning
Failure Mechanism of Concrete
Bond Microcracks
are extensions of
shrinkage microcracks,
as the compression
stress field increases,
the shrinkage
microcracks widen but
do not propagates into
the matrix. Occur at
15-20 % ultimate
strength of concrete.
Concrete Mixing and
Proportioning
Failure Mechanism of Concrete
Matrix Microcracks - are
microcracks that occur in
the matrix. The propagate
from 20% f
c
. Occur up to
30-45 % ultimate strength
of concrete. Matrix
microcracks start bridge one
another at 75%. Aggregate
microcracks occur just
before failure (90%).
Concrete Properties
1. Uniaxial Stress versus Strain Behavior in
Compression

c
E
c

u
0.45f
c
f
c
f
c
12
6
Concrete Properties
The standard strength test generally uses a
cylindrical sample. It is tested after 28 days to test
for strength, f
c
. The concrete will continue to
harden with time and for a normal Portland cement
will increase with time as follows:
Concrete Properties
Compressive Strength, f
c
Normally use 28-day strength for design
strength
Poissons Ratio, n
n ~ 0.15 to 0.20
Usually use n = 0.17

c
E
c

u
0.45f
c
f
c
f
c
Concrete Properties
Modulus of Elasticity, E
c
Corresponds to secant modulus at 0.45 f
c

ACI 318-02 (Sec. 8.5.1):


where w = unit weight (pcf)
90 pcf < w
c
<155 pcf




For normal weight concrete
(w
c
145 pcf)
) ( ' 33 ) (
5 . 1
psi f w psi E
c c
=
) ( ' 000 , 57 ) ( psi f psi E
c c
=
Concrete Properties
Compute E
c
for f
c
= 4500 psi for normal
weight (145 pcf) concrete using both ACI
equations:
) ( ' 33 ) (
5 . 1
psi f w psi E
c c
=
) ( ' 000 , 57 ) ( psi f psi E
c c
=
Concrete Properties
Concrete strain at max. compressive stress,

o
For typical curves in compression

o
varies between 0.0015-0.003
For normal strength concrete,
o
~ 0.002
E
c

u
0.45f
c
f
c
f
c
Concrete Properties
Maximum useable strain,
u
ACI Code:
u
= 0.003
Used for flexural and axial compression
E
c

u
0.45f
c
f
c
f
c
Concrete Properties
Typical Concrete Stress-Strain Curves in
Compression
Concrete Properties
Types of compression failure
There are three
modes of failure.
[a] Under axial
compression concrete
fails in shear.
[b] the separation of the specimen into columnar
pieces by what is known as splitting or columnar
fracture.
[c] Combination of shear and splitting failure.
Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength
Tensile strength ~ 8% to 15% of f
c

Modulus of Rupture, f
r
For deflection calculations, use:


Test:
2
6
bh
M
I
Mc
f
r
= =
) ( ' 5 . 7 psi f f
c
r
=
ACI Eq. 9-10
P
f
r
M
max
= P/2*a
unreinforced
concrete beam
Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength (cont.)
Splitting Tensile Strength, f
ct
Split Cylinder Test

P
Concrete Cylinder
Poissons
Effect
Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength (cont.)

) ( ' ) 7 5 (
2
psi f to f
ld
P
f
c ct
ct
=
=

(Not given in
ACI Code)
Concrete Properties
3. Shrinkage and Creep
Shrinkage: Due to water loss to atmosphere
(volume loss).
Plastic shrinkage occurs while concrete is still
wet (hot day, flat work, etc.)
Drying shrinkage occurs after concrete has set
Most shrinkage occurs in first few months (~80%
within one year).
Cycles of shrinking and swelling may occur as
environment changes.
Reinforcement restrains the development of
shrinkage.
Concrete Properties
Fig. 3-21, MacGregor (1997)
Shrinkage of an Unloaded Specimen
* 80% of shrinkage occurs in first year
Concrete Properties
Shrinkage is a function of
W/C ratio (high water content reduces
amount of aggregate which restrains
shrinkage)
Aggregate type & content (modulus of
Elasticity)
Volume/Surface Ratio

Concrete Properties
Shrinkage is a function of
Type of cement (finely ground)
Admixtures
Relative humidity (largest for
relative humidity of 40% or
less).
Typical magnitude of strain:
(200 to 600) * 10
-6
or (200 to 600 microstrain)
Concrete Properties
Creep
Deformations (strains) under sustained loads.
Like shrinkage, creep is not completely
reversible.

P
P
L
dL, elastic
dL, creep
=dL/L
Concrete Properties

Magnitude of creep strain is a function of all
the above that affect shrinkage, plus
magnitude of stress
age at loading
Concrete Properties

Creep strain develops over time
Absorbed water layers tend to become
thinner between gel particles that are
transmitting compressive stresses
Bonds form between gel particles in their
deformed position.
Concrete Properties
Tri-axial Compression
Confined Cylinder
Improved strength and ductility versus
uniaxial compression
Example: spiral reinforced



where,
F
1
= longitudinal stress at failure
F
3
= lateral pressure

3 1
1 . 4 ' =
c
f
F
1
F
1
F
3
Concrete Properties
Tri-axial Compression

Fig. 3-15, MacGregor (1997)
Steel Reinforcement
1. General
Standard
Reinforcing Bar
Markings


Steel Reinforcement
1. General
Most common types for non-prestressed
members:
hot-rolled deformed bars
welded wire fabric
Steel Reinforcement
Areas, Weights, Dimensions
Steel Reinforcement
2. Types
ASTM A615 - Standard Specification for
Deformed and Plain-Billet Steel Bars
Grade 60: f
y
= 60 ksi, #3 to #18
most common in buildings and bridges
Grade 40: f
y
= 40 ksi, #3 to #6
most ductile
Grade 75: f
y
= 75 ksi, #6 to #18
Steel Reinforcement
2. Types

ASTM A616 - Rail-Steel Bars
ASTM A617 - Axle-Steel Bars
ASTM A706 - Low-Alloy-Steel Bars
more ductile GR60 steel
min. length of yield plateau =
sh
/
y
= 5
Steel Reinforcement
3. Stress versus Strain
Stress-Strain curve
for various types of
steel reinforcement
bar.
Steel Reinforcement
E
s
= Initial tangent
modulus = 29,000
ksi (all grades)


Note:
GR40 has a
longer yield
plateau
Stress
Strain
0.20
GR 40
GR 60 (less ductile)
E
s
1
Class of Structures
Class of Structures
Class of Structures
Class of Structures
Retaining Wall
Abutment
Class of Structures
Deformed Frame Reinforced Frame