Quantum

Mechanical Model
of the Atom
DeBroglie’s hypothesis, Heisenberg’s
Uncertainty Principle, Schrödinger’s
Wave Equations, Quantum Numbers
 Warm Up!
Two naturally occurring isotopes of
gallium are:
69
Ga & 71Ga
What is the percent abundance of each
isotope?
 Louis de Broglie (1892 –
1987)
• Light was found to have properties of matter, but is the
opposite true? Does matter have wave properties?
• In 1923 Louis de Broglie sought an answer to this
question.
• For a particle with velocity v (not nu! It’s really a lower
case v), it’s mass is equal to h/λ v.
• Rearranging, we have λ =h/mv where mv is mass times
velocity which is equal to momentum. This allows us
to calculate the wavelength of a particle in motion.
de Broglie
Waves
OK

OK
NOT
OK
 Louis de Broglie (1892 –
1987)
Compare the wavelength for an
electron (mass = 9.11 x 10-31 kg)
traveling at a speed of 1.0 x 107 m/s
with that for a ball (mass = 0.10 kg)
traveling at 35 m/s.
 Heisenberg Uncertainty
Principle
• It is impossible to know exactly the
position and momentum (mass times
velocity) of a particle.
• The better we know one, the less certain
we can know the other.
• The act of measuring changes the
properties.
More obvious with the very
small
• To measure where a electron is,
we use light.
• But the light moves the electron
• And hitting the electron changes
the frequency of the light.
 Before After
Photon
Photon changes
wavelength

Moving Electron
Electron Changes velocity
 Schrödinger's Wave
Function
• In 1926, Erwin Schrödinger used the hypothesis that
electrons have a dual wave-particle nature to create a
wave function just gives you a formula for finding an
electron in space
• The function is given the symbol, ψ (psi).
• More interesting to us is ψ 2 a probability function for
where the electron is most likely to be.
• These probabilities give us orbitals, which are probability
fields of where an electron might be located.
 Quantum Mechanical
Orbitals
According to Schrodinger, electrons are not
constrained to specific pathways around a
nucleus.
There are mathematical equations to predict
where an electron is likely to be
The three dimensional representations of this
probability are called orbitals
Orbital Shapes

The s
orbital is
spherical
The p
orbitals
are shaped
like
peanuts.
Four d orbitals are
shaped like double
dumbbells
One d orbital is a
dumbbell with a
hoola hoop
F - Orbitals
 Quantum Numbers
symbol name formula values

n principle QN integers > 0 1, 2, 3, 4…

l angular momentum 0 – (n-1) 0, 1, 2…n-1

QN
m (m ℓ) magnetic QN - ℓ – +ℓ - ℓ,…-1, 0, 1, … ℓ

s (ms) spin QN ±½ +½, -½

 n 1 2

ℓ 0 0 1

m 0 0 -1 0 1

orbital 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz

s ½ -½ ½ -½ ½ -½ ½ -½ ½ -½
1s has 2e 2s has 2e 2p has 6e
 Sublevels
The number of the principle quantum number is
the number of sublevels it has
n=1 has one sublevel  1s

n=2 has two sublevels  2s and 2p

n=3 has three sublevels  3s, 3p, and 3d

 Relative 3d
Energies
4s

3p
Increasing Energy

3s

2p
2s
1s
 Electron Configurations

Aufbau Principle: Electrons go to the

lowest energy orbital first.
Pauli Exclusion Principle: Every orbital
can hold two electrons if they have
opposite spin.
Hund’s Rule: Electrons would rather be
alone if another equal energy orbital is
available.
Orbital Diagram for Nitrogen
1s 2s 2p
N

Nitrogen has 7 electrons.

Following the aufbau principle we start with
the lowest energy.
Pauli says to fit two electrons, they must have
opposite spins.
Hund says put one e- in each orbital, they
wont double up unless they have to.
 Orbital Diagram Practice
Electron
1s 2s 2p 3s Configuration

Li 1s2 2s1
C 1s2 2s2 2p2
O 1s2 2s2 2p4
F 1s2 2s2 2p5
Ne 1s2 2s2 2p6
Na 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
 Practice
What are the orbital diagrams and electron
configurations of the following atoms?
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Cl
Ca
Cr
Sn
Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
Ca 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
Cr 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4
Sn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p2
 Practice
Orbital diagrams and electron configurations for ions
are just the same, but the appropriate number of
electrons have been added or removed.

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
S
S2-
Co
Co2+
 Orbital Blocks
s
1 d p
2 (n= row -1)

3
4
5
6

Mg [Ne] 3s2
electron
row block
 Electron configuration – short hand
• Write the electron configuration for each of these elements

Electron configuration Leave this column

blank
Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
Cl- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Cr 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s1 3d5
Ru2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d10 4p6 5s0 4d6
Sn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p2
 How do you remember the order?
• Follow the order of elements on the PT

Electron configuration
P 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
O2- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Ni 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d4
Ru 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d6

Tl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p2
 Vocabulary
Core electron: an electron in an inner shell (orbital), not
used in the chemistry of the atom
Valence electron: an electron in the outermost shell
(orbital), added since the last noble gas, important in
chemistry.

Core electrons  [Ar] Valence electrons

V 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3

V [Ar] 4s2 3d3
 Electron configuration – shorter hand
• Write the noble gas configuration

Electron configuration Noble gas

configuration
Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p5
Cl- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 [Ne] 3s2 3p6
Cr 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s1 3d5 [Ar] 4s1 3d5
Ru2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d10 4p6 5s0 4d6 [Kr] 5s0 4d6
Sn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p2 [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p2