Lecture 32

Some IC circuits
Amit Kumar Mishra
ECE, IIT G
Active Filters: Tow-Thomas
Biquad
2 2
0 1
2
2
) (
o
Q
o
s s
a s a s a
s T
e
e
+ +
+ +
=
General biquadratic transfer function
to represent low-pass, high-pass,
band-pass, all-pass and notch filters:

In Tow-Thomas biquad, first op amp
is a multi-input integrator and third
op amp is simply an inverter.
2 2
) (
) (
bp
V
1
) (
lp
V
) (
bp
V
2
1
) (
lp
V -
1
) (
s
V
1
1
) (
bp
V
o
Q
o
s s
o
s
K s
bp
A
s
sRC
s
s
C sR
s
sRC
s
C sR
s
e
e
e
+ +
=
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
R
R
K
RC
o
1
= e
R
R
Q
2
=
C R
BW
2
1
=
2 2
2
) (
o
Q
o
s s
o
K s
lp
A
e
e
e
+ +
=
Thus, center frequency, Q
and gain can each be
adjusted independently.
Active Filters: Complete Tow-
Thomas Biquad
The Tow-Thomas Biquad can achieve all filter functions with
addition of extra passive components as shown.
2 2
1 1
2
2
2
4
1
5
3
1
1
1
2
) (
s
V
) (
o
V
) (
C R
RC R
R
s s
C RR
RR
R
R C
s
C
C
s
s
s
s
v
A
+ +
+ +
= =
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
Active Filters: Tow-Thomas
Biquad (Example)
Problem: Design band-pass filter using Tow-Thomas circuit
Given data: f
o
= 5 kHZ, BW = 200 Hz, midband gain =20
Unknowns: R, R
1
,

R
2
,

R
3
, C
Analysis:
10 = =
BW
o
f
Q
O = = k 4 . 29
4000
1
C
R
t
Input resistance to the filter is set by R
1
.At the center frequency,

Also, first op amp must supply ac signal current to parallel combination of
R, R
2
,

C, second op amp must drive parallel combination of R
3
, C third must
drive R
3
in parallel with R. If we choose C = 2700 pF,


R
3
can be chosen arbitrarily as long as it doesnt load down second and
third op amps. R
3
=49.9 kO
1
2
1
R R
C
o
C
X = = =
e
O = = k 294 10
2
R R O = = = k 7 . 14
2 20
2
1
R
R
R
Magnitude Scaling
Magnitude of filter impedances may all be increased or decreased by a
magnitude scaling factor K
M
, without changing w
o
or Q of the filter.
To scale the magnitude of the impedance of the filter elements:

Applying magnitude scaling to low-pass filter:
R
M
K R = '
C
Z
M
K
C
C
Z
M
K
C
C = = =
'
1
' '
e
o
C C R R
M
K
C
M
K
C
R
M
K R
M
K
o
e e = = =
|
.
|

\
| 2 1 2 1
1
2 1
2
1
1
'
Q
R R
R R
C
C
R
M
K R
M
K
R
M
K R
M
K
M
K
C
M
K
C
Q =
+
=
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
2 1
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2
1
'
Frequency Scaling
Cutoff or center frequencies of filter may be scaled by a frequency
scaling factor K
F
, without changing Q of the filter if each capacitor
value is divided by K
F
and resistor values are left unchanged.

Applying frequency scaling to low-pass filter:

R R = '
F
K
C
C = '
o
F
K
C C R R
F
K
F
K
C
F
K
C
R R
o
e e = = =
2 1 2 1
2 1
2 1
1
'
Q
R R
R R
C
C
R R
R
F
K
C
F
K
C
Q
R
=
+
=
+
=
2 1
2 1
2
1
2 1
1
2
1
'
2