AS4100 Standard Grades and

Sections
Asst. Prof. Hang Thu Vu
hang@civil.uwa.edu.au
Lecture outline

Industry uses AS4100 for general urose steel structure analysis

and design. !ithin "IV#$111% we will refer to this standard as the
&ain design code.

'eneral &aterial roerties to use for design to AS4100

(iscuss availa)le standard grades and sections for design to

AS4100

'rades* overview of availa)ility. +ield stress and tensile strength

Sections* overview of availa)ility. ,ffects of shaes on section

caacity against loading actions

Study the &eanings% usages and how to co&ute section

ara&eters I% -% S

.ending of steel &e&)ers in elastic and lastic ranges

Second &o&ent of area I

,lastic section &odulus -

Plastic section &odulus S

Material properties to use for design to
AS4100
Basic parameter values and adjustment
for elevated temperatures
Standard Grades
Designation of Grades

Table 2.1 in AS4100. This ta)le gives values of yield

stress and ulti&ate tensile strength for steel
roducts that co&ly with the re/uire&ents of AS%
AS01-S &anufacturing standards

Standard grade usually starts with the nu&)er of the

standard then characters and digits to stand for the
grade. ,2a&le* AS01-S $345.1 $60#0

1ote* AS01-S 1654 uses a different syste& of

grade designation. 7efer to AS01-S 1654 Section
1.4
Hot-rolled and cold-form grades

Hot8rolled roducts 9lates and sections: are in

grades ;00% ;60% $00% $60% 400% 460% 600.
These &ay )e o)tained with notch ductile
/ualities 9with suffi2 #0 or #16: and0or weather8
resistant /ualities 9with refi2 !7:. !eathering
steels are in 'rade $60 only

Hot8rolled welded sections are roduced fro&

AS01-S $34< lates= oularly in 'rades $00%
400% !7$60

"old8for&ed hollow sections are with refi2es ".

They are roduced in 'rades ";60% "$60% and
"460. They &ay co&e with notch ductile #0
/uality
Hot-rolled and cold-form grades

(ata for design to AS4100 for

the &ost co&&only used
sections and lates in 'rades
;60% $00% $60
alues of !ield stress f
!
alue of tensile strengt" f
u
#$istence of residual stress

The &aterial usually does not cool down

unifor&ly after rolling for the hot8rolled
sections. A si&ilar effect occurs when lates
are welded at the >unctions

This induces initial residual stress in the

&e&)ers. 7esidual stresses &ay )e as high
as f
y
0;. They greatly affect the )ehaviour of
steel &e&)ers.

Allowance &ust always )e &ade for residual

stress effect on structure )ehaviours
#$istence of residual stress

Tis of flanges and &iddle of we) cool and harden% &ore

/uic?ly than the rest of the cross8section.

The harder arts are in a state of co&ression. The

>unctions% )eing held )y the harder arts and una)le to
contract as far as they would otherwise% are laced in
tension.
Standard sections
Standard sections and plates

Steel roducts are rovided in standard si@es

and shaes. Aor &aterial availa)ility and cost
asect% it is reco&&ended to use standard
sections in your design. .elow are funda&ental
sections
Standard sections and plates
#ffects of s"apes on mem%er strengt"

It is o)served that steel is roduced in various sections.

These include BlateB% Brounds% )ars and rodsB% BanglesB%
BchannelsB and BI8sectionsB.

The I8sections are roduced as B)ea&B sections with I

yy

&uch less than I
22
and Bcolu&nB sections with I
yy
of closer
value to I
22
.

Cost of these sections are roduced )y rolling red hot

steel. Cost sections have arallel flanges 9the BuniversalB
)ea& and colu&n sections% and the channels:. So&e
Btaer flangeB Is and channels are also roduced.

It is ossi)le to &a?e very large sections 9e.g. for )ridge

)ea&s: )y welding late into the for& of an I or )o2.
#engths are availa)le fro& a &ini&u& of 3 &etres to a
&a2i&u& of $0 &etres. 7efer to Ta)le ;% DneSteel BHot
7olled and Structural ProductsB% 6
th
ed.
#ffects of s"apes on mem%er strengt"

The &ain reason for e2istence of various section

shaes is to &a2i&i@e &e&)er strength while
&ini&i@e the a&ount of used &aterial for cost
urose

"onsider shae effects on &e&)er strength

su)>ected to different tyes of loading

Tension* stress deends on cross sectional area. It

is indeendent of section shae.

Compression* if the &e&)er is )ul?y% stress in the

s/uashed &e&)er is indeendent of section shae.
It is si&ilar to tension case
A
P
=
#ffects of s"apes on mem%er strengt"

However% if )uc?ling occurs% the )uc?ling load

that the &e&)er can withstand deends on
second &o&ent of area I
22
and I
yy
.

As the colu&n )uc?le a)out the a2is which is of

wea?er I% it is i&ortant to have I
22
and I
yy
of
si&ilar &agnitude 9Eniversal colu&ns: when
there is no lateral )racing for wea? a2is
&
&
' (kL
EI
P
cr

=
#ffects of s"apes on mem%er strengt"

Bending* stress in a )ea& deends on the second

&o&ent of area I

The )ending &o&ent which a )ea& can carry )efore its

flange starts to yield is CF-f
y
% where - is the elastic
&odulus.

If the &o&ent is increased further% yielding sreads

throughout the cross section. Total collase occurs at a
&o&ent CFSf
y
where S is the lastic section &odulus
9study later:.
I
My
=
ma$
y
I
Z =
#ffects of s"apes on mem%er strengt"

To &a2i&i@e the section caacity for )ending is

to &a2i&i@e - and S. Aor a given a&ount of
&aterial% it is done )y sreading the &aterial
away fro& the neutral a2is 22 associated with
the )ending. The I section is ideal for this
urose.

A wea? oint is for the sa&e a&ount of &aterial

when I
22
increases to suort )ending a)out 22
a2is% I
yy
is reduced. It &a?es the )ea& fle2i)le in
the lateral direction% and rone to Blateral
)uc?lingG 9study later
)ompare section properties for sections
of same amount of material

Area A F 13000 &&

;

Sread &aterial further away fro& neutral a2is to

&a?e rectangle% I shae 9310 E. 1;6:% truss
)ompare section properties for sections
of same amount of material
Section I 9&&
4
: - 9&&
$
: S 9&&
$
: 7atio S0-
S/uare ;1.$ 2 10
3
$$4.4 2 10
$
603.1 2 10
$
1.6
7ectangle 4;.4 2 10
3
444.4 2 10
$
413.1 2 10
$
1.6
I )ea& 5<3 2 10
3
$;$0 2 10
$
$3<0 2 10
$
1.14
Truss 9Ad
;
:04 9Ad:0; 9Ad:0; 1

The I shae is ideal for achieving high )ending stiffness for the
sa&e a&ount of cross sectional area

Aor so&e sections% S is co&uted )y factoring - with a factor ?.

S/uare and rectangle* ? F 1.6 e2actly

I )ea&* ? H 1.16

+ou will learn how to co&ute S directly later. It is e2ected that you
do not use the factoring aroach in your calculation within this unit.
Bending of steel mem%er in elastic and
plastic ranges
*evision+ Structural anal!sis
*evision+ Structural anal!sis

!e want to calculate the &a2i&u& values of

actions 9&o&ent% shear force% a2ial force ..:
for &e&)er design

Aree )ody diagra&

Vertical reaction A
y
% e/uivalent load P. At the
cut of distance I fro& left end* shear force V%
)ending &o&ent C
*evision+ Structural anal!sis

The reaction at A is

The e/uivalent oint load at a distance 20; fro& A is

Ta?e &o&ent a)out the cut%

Aorce e/uili)riu& for y direction%

Ca2i&u& shear force haens at end

Ca2i&u& )ending &o&ent haens at &iddle

wL A
y
&
1
=
wx P =
& &
1
0
& &
1
&
wx
wLx M
x
wx wLx M
=
= +
wx wL V
wx wL V
=
= +
&
1
0
&
1
wL V
&
1
ma$
=
,
&
ma$
wL
M =
*evision+ Structural anal!sis
Bending of a %eam mem%er

.ending stress J
22
of the cross8section of a )ea& varies along the
)ea& height

The )ea& is under &a2i&u& stress when CFC

&a2
and yFy
&a2
Fd0;

The e2tre&e fi)re of the cross8section starts to yield when J

22
F f
y
.
Hence% the &o&ent caacity that a cross8section can ta?e is
Z
M
I
My
= =
Z f M
y y
=
Bending of a %eam mem%er

!hen the whole cross section yields the &o&ent

caacity increases to C
s.

Aor design urose 9lower )ound of lasticity:% strain

hardening is ignored. The &aterial is ter&ed as ure
lasticity 9see )elow figure:.

It is assu&ed that the &a2i&u& stress that anywhere in

the cross section can reach is f
y
9see )elow figure:
Bending of a %eam mem%er

- is ter&ed elastic section &odulus

S is ter&ed lastic section &odulus

Second moment of area
-ormulae

Second Co&ent of Area* also ?nown with other na&es

Second Co&ent Df Inertia% Area Co&ent of Inertia

The &athe&atical e/uations to calculate the Second

Co&ent of Area *

y is the distance fro& the neutral a2is 22 to an

infinitesi&al area dA

2 is the distance fro& the neutral a2is yy to an

infinitesi&al area dA

=
=
A
yy
A
xx
dA x I
dA y I
&
&
#$ample 1+ *ectangular section
( )
1&
, , . .
.
. .
&
&
. &
&
& &
bd
I
d d b y
b bdy y dA y I
xx
d
d
d
d
A
xx
=

+ = = = =

#$ample &+ Hollo/ sections

7ectangular hollow sections

I sections
1& 1&
.
& &
.
1 1
d b d b
I
xx
=
1&
&
1&
. .
ch bd
I
xx
=
#$ample .+ )ircular sections and
)ircular "ollo/ sections
4
4
r
I
xx

=
( )
4
&
4
1
4
r r I
xx
=

0eutral a$is (0A' of non-s!mmetric
sections1

!hen the section is non8sy&&etric% we need to find the

location y
c
of the neutral a2is with resect to a datu&
which is usually chosen at the )ase of the section

The sign shows the contri)utions fro& all n

ele&ents of the cross section.

=
=
=
n
i
i
n
i
i i
c
A
h A
y
1
1

0eutral a$is of non-s!mmetric sections1

A
i
is the area of the ele&ent i
th
%

h
i
is distance )etween centroid 91A: of the
ele&ent i
th
and the chosen datu&
2arallel a$is t"eorem

The second &o&ent of area for the whole section

with resect to the located neutral a2is is calculated
fro& the Parallel A2is Theore&

I* the second &o&ent of area

I
i
* the second &o&ent of area of ele&ent i
th

A
i
* area of ele&ent i
th

d
i
* distance )etween the neutral a2is of ele&ent i
th

and the neutral a2is of the whole section

=
+ =
n
i
i i i
d A I I
1
&
#$ample+ )alculate 3
$$
for 4 section
9;002;0 K 600210: y
c
F ;002;02610 K
6002102;60
Hence
y
c
F $36.6 &&

=
=
=
n
i
i
n
i
i i
c
A
h A
y
1
1
#$ample+ )alculate 3
$$
for 4 section
d
1
F 610 8 $36.6 F 144.6 &&
d
;
F $36.6 8 ;60 F 116.6 &&
I
22
F ;002;0
$
01; K ;002;029144.6:
;
K 102600
$
01; K 10260029116.6:
;
Hence
I
22
F ;64%6;;%;60 &&
4

=
+ =
n
i
i i i
d A I I
1
&
#lastic section modulus
-ormulae

Elastic section modulus - of a )ea& is the ratio of

a cross sectionLs second &o&ent of area I to the
distance of the extreme compressive fibre fro& the
neutral a2is

The elastic section &odulus &ar?s the yield oint of

the &aterial when the &ost outer fi)re starts to yield
due to )ending &o&ent C
y
F-f
y
ma$
y
I
Z =
2lastic section modulus
Meaning and usage

It is also ?nown )y other na&e MAirst Co&ent

of AreaG

Plastic section modulus S associates with

the full lasticity of the whole section. It is the
state where no strain hardening occurred is
assu&ed and the stress anywhere of the cross
section e/uals to yield stress f
y

It is used to co&ute the lastic &o&ent 9full

caacity of a cross8section: C

F Sf
y

Define location of t"e 20A

The lastic neutral a2is P1A% which is also referred to as

the e/ual area a2is% is the a2is that slits the cross
section into two e/ual areas. These areas refer to the
e/ual a&ount of fi)res yielded under co&ression and
tension resectively.

Aor sy&&etric section% the lastic and elastic neutral

a2is coincide. They are the a2is through the centroid of
the section.

Aor non8sy&&etric section% location y the P1A with

resect to a datu& which is usually chosen at the )ase
of the section is defined
Define location of t"e 20A

To locate the P1A%

co&ute distance y
)etween the P1A and
the )otto& )ase

Total area F 9;00 2 40: K 9400 2 40: F ;4000 &&

;
"hec?* ;00240 N ;40000;
Hence we have* 40 2 y F ;40000;

Hence yF$00
)alculate S

S is co&uted as the su& of &o&ent of ele&ent

areas a)out the P1A

S* the lastic section &odulus

A
i
* area of ele&ent i
th

e
i
* distance )etween the neutral a2is of ele&ent i
th

and the lastic neutral a2is of the whole section.

=
=
n
i
i i
e A S
1
#$ample+ 4 section

yF$00

S F 9;00 2 40 2 1;0: K 9100 2 40 2 60: K 9$00

2 40 2 160:
Hence% S F ;530 2 10
$
&&
$
0e$t lecture

Investigate the loads acting on the structure

in ter&s of

Per&anent load 9dead load:

I&osed load 9live load:

#oad factors to co&ly with li&it state design and

&e&)er design to AS4100

7ead
AS01-S 1140.1*;00;