Chapter 2 Chang, Wysk & Wang, Computer Aided Manufacturing, 3rd Ed,

Prentice Hall, 2006

1
Chapter 2
Engineering Product
Specification

Chapter 2 Chang, Wysk & Wang, Computer Aided Manufacturing, 3rd Ed,
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Evolution/realization of a product
Chapter 2 Chang, Wysk & Wang, Computer Aided Manufacturing, 3rd Ed,
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Idea sketch prepared by Leonardo
da Vinci (1452-1519). (Courtesy of Institut de France.)
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Perspective projection and
orthographic projection
a. Perspective
projection
b. Orthographic
projection
Vanishing point
Vanishing point
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Isometric project axes
120
120
120
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Multiview drawing of a bracket
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Third-angle projection
top
front
side
a
b
c d
e
f
g
h i
j
Y
Z
X
III
I
II
Profile plane
IV
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Reconstruct a three-dimensional
geometry from the three view
drawing in Figure 2-5



Refine the
drawing
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Partial views. (a) Sectional view,
(b) auxiliary view on the A-A
direction
A
A
2 . 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 1
A
A
A - A
B
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Dimension specification
2.500
Dimension line
Extension
line
Dimension value
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Adequate dimension
0.83 1.22
3.03
1.72
0.86
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Redundant dimension on X-axis,
and incomplete dimension on Y-
axis
0.83 0.95 1.22
3.03
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Tolerancing: bilateral and
unilateral. Dashed lines show the
tolerance limits
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Tolerance stacking example 1
0.80 0.01 1.20 0.01
1.00 0.01
?
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Tolerance stacking example 2
0.80 0.01 1.20 0.01
3.00 0.01
?
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Illustration of unidirectional lay surface
characteristics (ANSI Standard B46.1-1978)
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Surface roughness symbol
a = roughness value Ra in micrometers
b = production method, treatment, coating,
other text or note callout
c = roughness cutoff or sampling length in
millimeters
d = direction of lay
e = minimum material removal requirement
in millimeters
f = roughness value other than Ra in
micrometers preceded by its parameter
symbol (e.g. Rz 0.4)
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Lay symbols and examples
Lay Symbol Meaning Example
Lay approximately parallel to the line representing the surface to which the
symbol is applied.
Lay approximately perpendicular to the line representing the surface to
which the symbol is applied.
Lay angular in both directions to the line representing the surface to which
the symbol is applied.
Lay multidirectional.
Lay approximately circular relative to the center of the surface to which the
symbol is applied.
Lay approximately radial relative to the center of the surface to which the
symbol is applied.
Lay particulate, non-directional, or protuberant.
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Examples
of the
surface
texture
symbol
application
Basic Surface Texture Symbol. Surface may be produced by any method except when the
bar or circle (Symbol b or d) is specified.
Material Removal By Machining Is Required. The horizontal bar indicates material removal
by machining is required to produce the surface and material must be provided for that
purpose.
Material Removal Allowance. Value in millimeters for "X" defines the minimum material
removal requirement.
Material Removal Prohibited. The circle in the vee indicates the surface must be produced
by processes such as casting, forging, hot finishing, cold finishing, die casting, powder
metallurgy and injection molding without subsequent removal of material.
Surface Texture Symbol. To be used when any surface texture values, production method,
treatment, coating or other text are specified above the horizontal line or to the right of the
symbol. Surface may be produced by any method except when bar or circle (Symbol b or d)
is specified or when the method is specified above the horizontal line.
Roughness average rating is placed at the left of the long leg and the roughness cutoff rating
or sampling length is placed at the right. The specification of only one rating for roughness
average shall indicate the maximum value and any lesser value shall be acceptable. Specify
the roughness average in micrometers.
The specification of maximum and minimum roughness average values indicates a
permissible range of roughness. Specify in micrometers.
Removal of material prohibited.
Roughness sampling length or cutoff rating is placed below the horizontal extension and is
mandatory in all cases when values are applied to the symbol. Specify in millimeters.
Lay designation is indicated by the lay symbol placed at the right of the long leg.
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Roughness profile
Roughness width cutoff
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Recommended Height Values
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Illustration of some additional part
conditions.
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A tolerance graph
A B C D E
d
AB
,t
AB

d
BC
,t
BC

d
CD
,t
CD

d
AE
,t
AE

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Example
A B C D E
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Solution
d
AB
,t
AB

d
DE
,t
DE

d
CD
,t
CD

d
AE
,t
AE

A B C D E
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Over specification of dimension
and tolerance
A B C
d1,t1 d2,t2
d3,t3
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Tolerance graph for example in
Figure 2-24
A B C
d1,t1
d2,t2
d3,t3
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Under specification
A B C D E
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Tolerance graph for drawing in
Figure 2-26.
A B C D E
d1,t1
d2,t2
d3,t3
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Design specification
3.000.0
1
1.000.0
1
1.000.0
1
A B C D
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Process Plan
Process Plan

1 Chuck on the left side,
use A as reference. Cut
C and D.
2 Turn the workpiece
around, use D (newly
cut surface) as
reference. Cut B and A.

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Tolerance chart (Not shown are process
tolerance assignment and balance)
0.01 0.01
0.01
st ock
boundary
Dim t ol
1.0 0.01
1.0 0.01
3.0 0.01
Op code
10 lat he
10 lat he
20 lat he
20 lat he
10
12
20
22
blue print
Operation
sequence
Not shown are
process tolerance
assignment and
balance.
produced tolerances:
process tol of 10 + process tol of 12

process tol of 20 + process tol 22

process tol of 22 + setup tol
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Accuracy versus precision in process.
Dots in targets represent location of
shots. Cross represent location of the
average position of all shots
(a) Accurate and
precise
(b) Not accurate but precise
(c) Accurate but not
precise
(d) Precise within sample, not
precise between samples, not
accurate.
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(A) A frequency curve of 50 measurements on screw machine part. (B)
Relative position of frequency curve of the process relative to the
specification limits shows good statistical control
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(A) Frequency curve of a process that is not
centralized. (B) Frequency curve of a process that
has too large a spread of variation.
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Chart reflecting average and range
over a period of time
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Frequency distribution of OD of hub
diameter.
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Mortality curve based on Robert
Lussers concepts.
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Mortality curve on product designed and
built on a well-conceived quality-control and
reliability program.