Atoms, Isotopes, and Ions

4.3 4.7, 4.10, 4.11

Atomic Theory
In 1808 John Dalton proposed atomic
theory.
Daltons theory explained several laws
known at the time.
Law of conservation of matter
Law of definite proportions
Law of multiple proportions
Daltons Atomic Theory (1808)
1. Elements are made of tiny particles
called atoms.
2. Atoms of a given element are identical.
3. Atoms of different elements differ from
each other in some fundamental way.
Daltons Atomic Theory (1808)
4. Atoms of one element can join with
atoms of other elements to form
compounds.
A given compound is always made of the
same elements combined in the same ways.
Explains the law of multiple proportions and the
law of definite composition.

Daltons Atomic Theory (1808)
5. Atoms are indivisible in chemical
reactions.
Chemical reactions change how atoms are
grouped (bonded) together.
Explains the law of conservation of matter.
Atomic Theory
Daltons proposal lead to much research
as to the nature of the atom.
In the late 1800s chemists/physicists
determined that the atom is made up of
smaller, subatomic, particles.
Atomic Theory - 1910
~1896, JJ Thomson demonstrated that
atoms can emit negative particles.
Called these particles electrons.
Since atoms are neutral he also proposed that
they must contain positive particles.
These + particles were not fully described/named
until 1919.
Atomic Theory - 1910
~1910 Lord Kelvin proposed the plum
pudding model of the atom.
Proposed that electrons were scattered within
a cloud/pudding of positive charge.
Atomic Theory - 1911
~1911 an experiment was conducted in
Ernest Rutherfords lab that showed the
plum pudding model to be incorrect.
Experiment was conducted by Geiger and
Marsden and the findings interpreted by
Rutherford.

See page 84
The gold foil experiment
What they did see board
What they found see board
What Rutherford concluded.
Rutherfords Model of the Atom
First to propose a nuclear atom.
Rutherford proposed that:
the atom must have nearly all its mass, and
positive charge, in a central nucleus about
10,000 times smaller than the atom itself.
Most of the atom is empty space and the
electrons are scattered through out this empty
space.
A New Model of the Atom

Expected based on
Plum pudding model

Rutherfords model
Based on his results
Subatomic Particles
Rutherford continued to study the atom
and the positive matter of the atom.
1919, + particle named the proton
~1932 James Chadwick proposed the
existence of a third subatomic particle, the
neutron.
Subatomic Particles
Subatomic
Particle
Charge Mass, amu Location in
atom
Electron
(e
-
)
-1 0 amu Outside of
nucleus
Proton (p) +1 ~1 amu Nucleus
Neutron (n) 0 ~1 amu Nucleus
Mass of Subatomic Particles
Protons and neutrons have ~ the same
mass (in the range of 10
-24
g).
Neutrons are slightly heavier.
Mass is expressed in amu
Atomic mass unit (amu) 1/12 the mass of a
carbon-12 atom
Mass of Subatomic Particles
The mass of the electron is tiny as
compared to that of the proton and
neutron.
Therefore, the electrons mass is considered
to be ~0 amu when calculating the mass of an
atom.
Subatomic Particles and the
Elements
Each element has a unique number of
protons.
Number of protons defines the element.

Subatomic Particles and the
Elements
Since atoms are neutral, for every proton
there is a/n _________.

When atoms interact to form compounds,
it is their ___________ that intermingle.



Terms
Atomic number = number of protons in an
atom
Also indicates the number of electrons in the
atom.
Finding atomic number on the periodic table.
Terms
Mass number = sum of the # of protons
and the # neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom
FOR MOST ELEMENTS THE MASS
NUMBER IF NOT ON THE PERIODIC
TABLE.
You will be given enough information to determine
mass number or number of neutrons.
Terms
Isotopes = atoms of a given element that
differ in mass number
Isotopes have the same number of
_____________.
Isotopes differ in the number of _______.
Isotopes
Writing atomic symbols for isotopes
See board and pg 87



FAQ - Isotopes
When is mass number found on the
periodic table?

Whats the atomic mass? Is it the same
as the mass number?
Practice
Start # 42 on page 110.
Ion Formation
Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose
electrons.
Proton and neutron number are unchanged
when an ion forms.
Ions - Terms
Ion charged atom or group of atoms
Cation = positively charged ion
Metals form cations.

Anion = negatively charged ion
Nonmetals form anions.
Ions
Na atom
_____ protons _____ electrons

Na
+
ion
_____ protons _____ electrons

Name of ion: sodium ion
Ions
Calcium atom
_____ protons _____ electrons

Ca
2+
ion
_____ protons _____ electrons

Name of ion: calcium ion
Ions
Sulfur atom
_____ protons _____ electrons

S
2-
ion
_____ protons _____ electrons

Name of ion: sulfide ion
Ion Charge and the Periodic Table
Group # Ion Charge # e
-
lost/gained
I A 1+ 1 e
-
lost
II A 2+ 2 e
-
lost
III A metals 3+ 3 e
-
lost
V A nonmetals 3- 3 e
-
gained
VI A nonmetals 2- 2 e
-
gained
VII A 1- 1 e
-
gained
Naming Ions
Name of a monatomic cation is the name
of the element
Examples:
Ca
2+
calcium ion
Al
3+
aluminum ion
K
+

Naming Ions
Monatomic anions are named by changing
end of the name of the element to ide
Example: S
2-
sulfide ion
Naming Ions
You need to know:
N
3-
nitride ion
P
3-
phosphide ion
O
2-
oxide ion
S
2-
sulfide ion
F
-
fluoride ion
Cl
-
chloride ion

Br
-
bromide ion

I
-
iodide ion

Ionic Compounds
Structure
In an ionic compound there is a regular
arrangement of oppositely charged particles.
Ions are arranged in a 3-D crystalline
structure that maximizes attractive forces and
minimizes repulsive forces.
Also called a lattice structure
See page 102
Ionic Compounds
Physical Properties all are related to the
structure of the compounds
Solids at room temperature
Relatively high melting and boiling points
No vapor pressure
Meaning they dont evaporate
Electrolytes
Conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in
water
Ionic Compounds
The chemical formula for an ionic
compound represents the lowest, whole
number ratio of the component ions that
has a net charge of zero.
Total positive charge = total negative charge


Ionic Compounds
Name the compound by naming the ions.



Ionic Compounds
Writing formulas for and naming binary
ionic compounds
Magnesium oxide


Ionic Compounds
Magnesium oxide
The formula is the simplest ratio of ions that
have a net charge of zero.
Ions present: Mg
2+
and O
2-


Formula:


Ionic Compounds
Magnesium chloride
The formula is the simplest ratio of ions that
have a net charge of zero.
Ions present: Mg
2+
and _____

Formula:


Ionic Compounds
Practice
Note we are currently applying the content of
4.11 and 5.2 (type I binary ionic compounds)
Types I Binary Compounds
Compound between a metal and a
nonmetal
Metal forms only one ion
Name the cation and then the anion.
Name of the cation is the name of the element
Name of the anion is the name of the
nonmetal with the ending changed to ide
Monoatomic cations to know
Group # Charge on ion examples
IA +1 Na
1+
sodium (ion)
K
1+
potassium (ion)
IIA +2 Mg
2+
magnesium (ion)
IIIA
metals
+3 Al
3+
aluminum (ion)
Monoatomic anions to know
Group # Charge on ion examples
VA -3 N
3-
nitride (ion)
P
3-
phosphide (ion)
VIA -2 O
2-
oxide (ion)
S
2-
sulfide
VIIA -1 F
1-
fluoride (ion)
Cl
1-
chloride (ion)
Br
1-
bromide (ion)
I
1-
iodide (ion)
Practice
Name chemical formula

Chemical formula name