LANGUAGE AND

LINGUISTICS
DEDEN SYEFRUDIN
NPM 11221210954
LANGUAGE
LANGUAGE
ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE
THEORY
Sourced From God
Sourced From nature sound
Sourced From sign language
Physiological adaptation
Tendency change

Sourced From God
According to the story in the 'events' (gospel,
Genesis 2:19). Man was created in the divine
imagination and language skills is one of
human nature. God created all the animals in
the wilderness, the sky and the birds bring the
animals before Adam to see what Adam called
domestic creatures, "according to most
religions, it appears that God completes the
creation of man with the language.

Sourced From Nature Sound
According to the view of the philosopher's
words can be the simplest natural sounds
heard by people in their environment, the fact
that modern languages have some words that
resemble the sounds of nature that can used
to support the theory that the same sound is
often interpreted differently by people different
people.

Sourced From sign language
The theory is derived from the theory of sign
language is spoken "ta-ta". This theory holds
that language originated from the imitation of
body movements and verbal cues, associated
with the mouth and tongue so as to encourage
people to talk. Humans have many physical
cues using eyes, hands, facial expressions, or
other limbs. Physical cues developed as a way
of communicating. While verbal cues typically
involves the mouth, began to flourish.
Physiological Adaptation
Human teeth lined up straight, do not lead out like
gear teeth of apes and humans have a fairly regular
height. Characteristic as it is not necessary to eat but
is very helpful in making sounds like f. human lips
have more nerve intricately entwined than that found
in other primates as well as the flexibility of the
resulting tangle of nerves were clearly helping people
said sounds like p, b and w. The position of the larynx
or the voice-box that contains the vocal cords different
human larynx position apes. Human physical human
upright posture makes a human head facing forward
and the larynx is at a lower position. This created a
longer cavity, called the pharynx, above the vocal
cords can function as an amplifier sounds produced
through the pharynx.

Tendency Change
Otto Jesperson found first language is a
language that is not easily cut in pieces into
parts. He said, "The evolution of language
indicates a trend change that can not be
separated into short elements that can be
combined on a regular basis".
LINGUISTICS KNOWLEDGE
LINGUISTICS KNOWLEDGE
When you know a language, you can speak and
be understood by others who know the language.
This means you have the capacity to produce
sound that signify certain meaning and to
understand or interpret the sounds produce by
others. We are referring to normal-hearing
individuals. Deaf persons produce and understand
sign language just as hearing person produce and
understand spoken languages. The languages of
deaf communities throughout the world are,
except for their modality of expression equivalent
to spoken languages.

LINGUISTICS KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge of Sound System
Knowing a language means knowing what sounds
(or signs) are in that language and what sounds
are not. This unconscious knowledge is revealed
by the way speakers of one language pronounce
words from another language.
Knowledge of words
Knowing the sounds and sound patterns is our
language constitutes only one part of our linguistic
knowledge. In addition, knowing a language is
knowing that certain sound sequences signify
certain concepts or meanings.
LINGUISTICS KNOWLEDGE
Communicative and Informative signals
Displacement
Arbitrariness
Productivity
Cultural Transmission
Quality
Taking To Animal
Sarah and Lana
The controversy

Communicative and Informative
signals
It is important to distinguish between specially
communicative signals and informative
signals. When we talk about distinctions
between human language and animal
communication, we are considering both in
term of their potensial as a mean of
international communication.
Displacement
Displacement is property of human language,
for example human language user are
normally capable of producing message
equivalent to GRRR, last night over in the park
and etc. Humans refer to past and future time.
Displacement allows us to talk about things
and places.
Arbitrariness
It is generally the case that there is no natural
connection between a linguistic form and its
meaning. The connection is quite arbitrary.
The arabic word and from it shape, for
example, determine that is has natural and
obvious meaning anymore than we can with its
english translation form dog.
Productivity
Humans are of continually creating new
expressions and novel utterances by
manipulating their linguistic resources to
describe new object and situations. The
communication systems of other creatures do
not appear to have this type of flexibility.

Cultural Transmission
While we may inherit physical features such as brown
eyes and dark hair from our parents, we do not inherit
their language. This process whereby a language is
passed on from one generation to the next is describes
as cultural transmission. However, we are Not born with
the ability to produce utterances in a spesific language
such as english. We acquire our first language as
children in a culture. The general pattern in animal
communication is that creatures are born with a set of
specific signals that are produced instinctively.
Quality
Human language is organized at two levels on
layers simultaneously. It is called quality at one
level, we have distinct sounds, and at another
level, we have distinct meanings.

Taking To Animal
The animal produces a particular behavior in
response to a particular sound-stimulus or
noise, but does not actually understand what
the words in the noise mean. If it seems difficult
to conceive of animals understanding human
language then it appears to be even less likely
that an animal would be capable of producing
human language.

Sarah and Lana
To use a set of plastic shapes for the purpose of
communicating with humans. The basic
approach was quite different from that of the
gardners. Sarah was systematically trained to
associate these shapes with objects or actions.
She remained an animal in a cage, being
trained with food rewards to manipulate a set of
symbols. Once she had learned to use a large
number of these platic shapes, sarah was
capable of gettinf an apple by selecting the
correct plastic shape (a blue triangle) from a
large array.
The controversy
On the basis of his work with another
chimpanzee called him, the psyhologist Herbet
Terrace has argued that chimpanzees simply
produce signs in response to the demands of
people and tend to repeat signs those people
use. As a type of continioned response to cues
provided (often unwittingly) by human trainers.
In complex experiments, designed to eliminate
any possible provision of cues by humans, they
showed that in the absence of any humans.

Writing
Transactional functions of the language used to communicate
the knowledge, expertise and information. Pronounce in
every language is different, such as English different with
French language. linguistic competence is different from
linguistic performance. The descriptive grammar of a
language represents the unconscious linguistics knowledge
or capacity of its speakers. Such as grammar is a model of
the mental grammar every speaker of the language knows.
The more linguistics investigate the thousands of languages
of the world and describe the ways in which they differ from
each other, the more they discover that these differences are
limited. There are linguistic universal that pertain to all parts
of grammars, the ways in which these part are related and
the form of rules. These principles comprise universal
grammar, which forms the basis of specific grammar of all
possible human languages.

The Development Of Writing
It is important, when we consider the development of
writing, to keep in mind that a large number of the
languages in the world today are used only in the
spoken form. Much of the evidence used in
reconstruction of ancient writting systems comes from
inscriptions on stone or tablets.
Piktogram and Ideogram
Logograms
Rebus writing
Syllabic Writing
Consonantal Alphabet Writing
Alphabetic Writing

Piktogram and Ideogram
The roots of writing were the early drawings made by ancient
humans. Cave art, called petroglyphs, such as those found
in the Altamira cave in northern Spain, created by humans
living more than 20,000 years ago, can be read today.
They are literal portrayals of life at that time. Unlike modern
writing systems, each picture or pictogram is a direct
image of the object it represents. There is a nonarbitrary
relationship between the form and meaning of the symbol.
Pictograms began to represent ideas rather than objects.
Such generalized pictograms are called ideograms (idea
pictures or idea writing). The difference between
pictograms and ideograms is not always clear. Ideograms
tend to be less direct representations, and one may have to
learn what a particular ideogram means. Pictograms tend
to be more literal.

Logograms
A good example of logographic writing is the
system used by Sumerians, in the southern
part of modern Iraq, because of the particular
shapes used in their symbols, these
inscriptions are more generally described as
cuneiform writing.
The form of this symbol really gives no clue to
what type of entity is being referred has
become arbitrary and we have a clear
example of word writing or a logogram

Syllabic Writing
Syllabic writing systems are more efficient
than word-writing systems, and they are
certainly less taxing on the memory.
However, languages with a rich struc- ture of
syllables containing many consonant clusters
(such as tr or spl) cannot be efficiently written
with a syllabary.

Consonantal Alphabet
Writing

Semitic languages, such as Hebrew and Arabic,
are written with alphabets that consist only of
consonants. Such an alphabet works for these
languages because consonants form the root of
most words. These systems are called
consonantal alphabets because only the
consonants are fully developed symbols.
Sometimes they are considered syllabaries
because once the reader or writer perceives the
vowel, the consonantal letter seems to stand for
a syllable.

Alphabetic Writing
Alphabetic writing systems are easy to learn,
convenient to use, and maximally efficient for
transcribing any human language. The term sound
writing is sometimes used in place of alphabetic
writing, but it does not truly represent the principle
involved in the use of alphabets.
Languages change over time, but writing systems
tend to be more conservative. In many languages,
including English, spelling may no longer
accurately reflect pronunciation. This has led to
spelling reforms in many countries. Also, when the
spoken and written forms of the language diverge,
some words may be pronounced as they are spelled,
sometimes as a result of the efforts of pronun- ciation
reformers.

Alphabetic Writing
There are advantages to a conservative spelling
system. A common spelling permits speakers
whose dialects have diverged to communicate
through writ- ing, as is best exemplified in China,
where the dialects (languages, really) are
mutually unintelligible. People are also able to
read and understand their lan- guage as it was
written centuries ago. In addition, despite a
certain lack of co-respondences between sound
and spelling, the spelling often reflects
speakers morphological and phonological
knowledge.

CONCLUSION
LANGUAGE : A human system
of communication that uses signals, such as
voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols.
LINGUISTIC : Linguistics is defined as the
scientific study of language.
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