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Radiolysis of water generates water radical and electron (1). Electron
may still have enough energy to cause further ionizations in
neighbourhood. Ionizing radiation can also cause excitation events (2)
H
2
O H
2
O
+
+ e
-
(1)
H
2
O H
2
O
*
(2)
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Water radical cation is very strong acid that loses proton to neighbouring
water molecule and forms OH radical which is oxidizing agent (3, 4), that is
probably the most damaging radical
H
2
O
+
H
3
O
+
+
OH
(3) + H
2
O
H
2
O
+
OH + H
+
(4)
Electron becomes hydrated by water (5) and electronically excited water
can decompose into
OH and H
OH , H
, and e
-
aq
+ H
2
O e
-
(5) e
-
aq
H
2
O
*
(6)
OH + H
Globally, and after further reactions, radiolysis of water in presence of
oxygen produces:
OH, e
-
aq
, H
, O
2
-
, H
2
O
2
, H
2
.
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Low-LET radiation can
produce localized cluster of
ionizations within single
electron track
High-LET radiation produces
somewhat larger number of
ionizations that are closer
together
Damage in DNA
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Estimation of numbers of
radiation - induced
different types of DNA
lesions after 1 Gy
irradiation with low-LET
radiation
Types of DNA lesions
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Cell has complex signal transduction, cell-cycle checkpoint and
repair pathways to respond to DNA damage
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Cell cycle and checkpoints
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DSB are critical DNA lesions. Their mis-repair or non-repair leads to
formation of aberrations like dicentrics.
There are two main mechanisms to repair DSB: Homologous recombination
(HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)
Two mechanisms operate in different phases of cell cycle. NHEJ occurs mainly in
the quiescent G
0
phase and during cell cycle in G
1
but can also occur in later
phases. HR can occur only when DNA is replicated, in S and G
2
phase.
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Non-homologous end joining
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