HEALTH CARE 13

“Ebola Virus”
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Dr. Titus Bantiles

Instructor

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Jailian Zea Baloria

Reporter
 it is highly contagious illness.
The virus is named after the Ebola River
It is known to be a zoonotic virus as it is currently
devastating the populations of lowland gorillas in
Central Africa.
 single-stranded

 It was found that 472 nucleotides from the 3' end

and 731 nucleotides from the 5' end were
sufficient for replication

 genomic material by itself is not infectious,

because viral proteins,
 ZAIRE EBOLA VIRUS

 first outbreak took place on August 26, 1976 in Yambuku,

a town in the north of Zaïre.

 Two Belgian nuns working in Yambuku as nurses also

died in the same outbreak

SUDAN EBOLA VIRUS

 second strand of Ebola reported in 1976
 The first case reported was a worker exposed to a
potential natural reservoir at the cotton factory
 second case involved a nightclub owner in Nzara,
 Sudan
 recent outbreak of Sudan Ebolavirus occurred in May
 RESTON EBOLA VIRUS
 First discovered in November 1989 in a group of 100
Crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) imported
from the Philippines to Reston, Virginia
 Ebolavirus infected monkeys were shipped again to
Reston, and Alice, Texas in February of 1990.\
 More Reston Ebolavirus infected monkeys were
discovered in 1992 in Siena, Italy and in Texas again in
March 1996

IVORY COAST EBOLA VIRUS

 first discovered amongst chimpanzees of the Tai
Forest in Côte d’Ivoire, Africa.
 On November 1, 1994, the corpses of two
chimpanzees were found in the forest.
 BUNDIBUGYO EBOLA VIRUS

 November 30, 2007, the Uganda Ministry of Health

confirmed an outbreak of Ebola in the Bundibugyo
District.

 December 14th, 2007, Ugandan officials had

confirmed 119 cases of this new Ebola species, with
35 deaths attributed to the strain.
 Virus attaches to host receptors though the
GP (glycoprotein) surface peplomer and is
endocytosed into vesicles in the host cell.
 Fusion of virus membrane with the vesicle
membrane occurs
 The encapsidated, negative-sense genomic
ssRNA is used as a template for the synthesis
( 3' - 5') of polyadenylated, monocistronic
mRNAs
 Translation of the mRNA into viral proteins
occurs using the host cell's machinery.
 Post-translational processing of viral
proteins occurs.
 As viral protein levels rise, a switch occurs
from translation to replication.
 The newly-formed nucleocapsides and
envelope proteins associate at the host
cell's plasma membrane
 direct contact with infected body fluids

 airborne transmission

 handling of infected chimpanzees

 Ebola is limited on a global scale

 Rash
High fever
Red eyes
Headache
Vomiting blood
Muscle aches
Bloody diarrhea
Stomach pain
Chest pain
Fatigue
Shock
Diarrhea
Death
Sore throat
Blindness
Hiccups
Bleeding
 minimizing invasive procedures

 balancing electrolytes
 replacing lost oagulation factors
 maintaining oxygen and blood levels
 treating any complicating infections.
 Vaccines have been produced for Ebola that was
99% effective in protecting a group of monkeys from
the disease
 Early human vaccine efforts, like the one at NIAID in
2003, have so far not reported any successes.
 Ebolavirus was detected in the carcasses of gorillas,

chimpanzees and duikers during outbreaks in 2001

and 2003 (the carcasses were the source of the
initial human infections) but the high mortality
 Plants, arthropods, and birds have also been
considered as reservoirs, however bats are
considered the most likely candidate
 Bats were known to reside in the cotton factory in
which the index cases for the 1976 and 1979
outbreaks were employed and have also been
implicated in Marburg infections in 1975 and 1980
 Ebola is classified as a Biosafety Level 4
agent, as well as a Category A bioterrorism
agent and a select agent by the CDC.
 As a terrorist weapon, Ebola has been
considered by members of Japan's Aum
Shinrikyo cult, whose leader, Shoko
Asahara led about 40 members to Zaire in
1992 under the guise of offering medical
aid to Ebola victims in what was
presumably an attempt to acquire a
sample of the virus
 Ebola have served as a rich source of ideas and
plotlines for many forms of entertainment.
 Much of the representation of the Ebola virus in
fiction and the media is considered
exaggerated or
myth
 Another myth states that the virus causes patients
to melt, liquefy, or bleed profusely.
the end of the disease the patient does not look, from the outsid
s horrible as you can read in some books. They are not melting.
hey are not full of blood. They're in shock, muscular shock.
They are not unconscious, but you would say 'obtunded',
dull, quiet, very tired. Very few were hemorrhaging.
Hemorrhage is not the main symptom.
Less than half of the patients had
some kind of hemorrhage.
But the ones that
had bled, died.