21 Tangent, Slope and Derivative

Aim: The Tangent Problem & the Derivative Course: Calculus
Do Now: What is the equation of the line

tangent to the circle at point (7, 8)?
Aim: What do slope, tangent and the
derivative have to do with each other?
5 10
10
8
6
4
2
-2
Tangents & Secants
A tangent to a circle is a line in the plane of
the circle that intersects the circle in exactly
one point.
O
A
A secant of a circle is a line that intersects the
circle in two points.
B
C
-1
Tan u
y
x
1
-1
1
radius = 1
center at (0,0)
u
(x,y)
cos u, sin u
cos u

tanu =
lengthof the leg oppositeu
length of the leg adjacent to u
x
y
= =
u
u
u
cos
sin
tan
1
slope =
slope is
steep!
slope is
level:
m = 0
Tangents to a Graph
(x
1
, y
1
)
(x
2
, y
2
)
(x
3
, y
3
)
(x
4
, y
4
)
slope is
falling:
m is (-)
3
2
1
-1
2
A
Unlike a tangent to a circle,
tangent lines of curves can
intersect the graph at more than
one point.
3
2
1
-1
2
A
Finding the Slope (tangent) of a Graph at a Point
10
8
6
4
2
5
h x ( ) = x
2
1
2
2
1
2
= ~ ~
x
y
m slope
A
A
This is an approximation. How can we be
sure this line is really tangent to f(x) at (1, 1)?
(1, 1)
Slope and the Limit Process
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
1
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
1
(x +h, f(x +h))
A more precise method
for finding the slope of
the tangent through (x,
f(x)) employs use of
the secant line.
x
y
m slope
A
A
=
sec
h
h is the change in x
f(x +h) f(x)
f(x + h) f(x) is the
change in y
h
x f h x f
m slope
) ( ) (
sec
+
=
This is a very rough
approximation of the
slope of the tangent at
the point (x, f(x)).
x, f(x)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
1
x, f(x)
h
f(x +h) f(x)
x
y
m slope
A
A
=
sec
(x +h, f(x +h))
change in y
As (x + h, f(x + h))
moves down the curve
and gets closer to
(x, f(x)), the slope of
the secant more
approximates the
slope of the tangent at
(x, f(x).
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
1
x, f(x)
h
f(x +h) f(x)
(x +h, f(x +h))
What is happening to
h, the change in x?
Its approaching 0,
or its limit at x as h
approaches 0.
x
y
m slope
A
A
=
sec
change in y
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
1
As h 0, the slope of the
secant, which
approximates the slope
of the tangent at (x, f(x))
more closely as (x + h, f(x
+ h)) moved down the
curve. At reaching its
limit, the slope of the
secant equaled the slope
of the tangent at (x, f(x)).
sec
0
tan
limm m slope
h
=
h
x f h x f
m slope
) ( ) (
sec
+
=
Definition of slope of a Graph
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
1
The slope m of the graph
of f at the point (x, f(x)) ,
is equal to the slope of its
tangent line at (x, f(x)),
and is given by

provided this limit exists.
sec
0
tan
limm m slope
h
=
h
x f h x f
m
h
) ( ) (
lim
0
+
=

difference quotient
Model Problem
Find the slope of the graph f(x) = x
2
at the
point (-2, 4).

h
x f h x f
m
h
) ( ) (
lim
0
+
=

h
f h f
m
h
) 2 ( ) 2 (
lim
0
+
=

set up difference
quotient
h
h
m
h
2 2
0
) 2 ( ) 2 (
lim
+
=

Use f(x) = x
2

h
h h
m
h
4 4 4
lim
2
0
+
=

Expand
h
h h
m
h
2
0
4
lim
+
=

Simplify
h
h h
m
h
) 4 (
lim
0
+
=

Factor and divide out
Simplify
) 4 ( lim
0
h m
h
+ =

4 ) 4 ( lim
0
= + =

h m
h
Evaluate the limit
8
6
4
2
Slope ED = -4.00
D: (-2.00, 4.00)
q x ( ) = x
2
E
D
Slope at Specific Point vs. Formula
h
x f h x f
m
h
) ( ) (
lim ) 1 (
0
+
=

h
c f h c f
m
h
) ( ) (
lim ) 2 (
0
+
=

What is the difference between the
following two versions of the difference
quotient?
(1) Produces a formula for finding the
slope of any point on the function.
(2) Finds the slope of the graph for the
specific coordinate (c, f(c)).
Definition of the Derivative
The derivative of f at x is
h
x f h x f
x f
h
) ( ) (
lim ) ( '
0
+
=

provided this limit exists.
The derivative f(x) is a formula for the
slope of the tangent line to the graph of
f at the point (x,f(x)).
The function found by evaluating the limit of
the difference quotient is called the
derivative of f at x. It is denoted by f (x),
which is read f prime of x.
Finding a Derivative
Find the derivative of f(x) = 3x
2
2x.
0
( ) ( )
'( ) lim
h
f x h f x
f x
h
+
=
h
x x h x h x
x f
h
) 2 3 ( )] ( 2 ) ( 3 [
lim ) ( '
2 2
0
+ +
=

h
x x h x h xh x
x f
h
2 3 2 2 3 6 3
lim ) ( '
2 2 2
0
+ + +
=

h
h h xh
x f
h
2 3 6
lim ) ( '
2
0
+
=

h
h x h
x f
h
) 2 3 6 (
lim ) ( '
0
+
=

factor out h
) 2 3 6 ( lim ) ( '
0
+ =

h x x f
h
2 6 = x
Do Now:
Find the equation of the line tangent to

Aim: What is the connection between
differentiability and continuity?
( ) 2
Find the slope of tangent at = 9
f x x
x
=
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
f(x) is a continuous function
Differentiability and Continuity
What is the relationship, if any, between
differentiability and continuity?
(c, f(c))
(x, f(x))
f(x) f(c)
x c
x
c
Is there a limit as x
approaches c?
YES
x c
f x f c
f c
x c
( ) ( )
'( ) lim
alternative
form of
derivative
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6
f x x ( ) [[ ]] =
Does this step function, the greatest
integer function, have a limit at 1?
NO: f(x) approaches a different number from
the right side of 1 than it does from the left side.
By definition the derivative is
a limit. If there is no limit at x
= c, then the function is not
differentiable at x = c.
Is this step function
differentiable at x = 1?
If f is differentiable at x = c, then f is
continuous at x = c.
Is the Converse true?
If f is continuous at x = c, then
f is differentiable at x = c.
NO
Graphs with Sharp Turns Differentiable?
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
f(x) = |x 2|
Is this function continuous at 2?
m = 1 m = -1
x
x
2
lim | 2 | ?
+

x
x
2
lim | 2 | ?

YES
One-sided limits are not equal, f is therefore not
differentiable at 2. There is no tangent line at (2, 0)
2 2
2 0
( ) (2)
lim lim 1
2 2
x x
x
f x f
x x
+ +

= =

x c
f x f c
f c
x c
( ) ( )
'( ) lim
alternative
form of
derivative
2 2
2 0
( ) (2)
lim lim 1
2 2
x x
x
f x f
x x

= =

Is this function differentiable at 2?
Graph with a Vertical Tangent Line
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1 1
f(x) = x
1/3

Is f continuous at 0?
YES
x
f x f
x
0
( ) (0)
lim
0
x
x
x
1
3
0
0
lim
x
x
2
0
3
1
lim
UND =
x
x
1
3
0
lim ?
Does a limit exist at 0?

NO
f is not differentiable at 0; slope
of vertical line is undefined.
Differentiability Implies Continuity
a b c d
f is not
continuous at a
therefore not
differentiable
f is
continuous at
b & c, but not
differentiable
corner
vertical
tangent
f is continuous at
d and
differentiable
Summary

21 Tangent, Slope and Derivative

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21 Tangent, Slope and Derivative

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

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Aim: The Tangent Problem & the Derivative Course: Calculus

Do Now: What is the equation of the line

Does a limit exist at 0?

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