Lecture - 05 Welded Connections

N.W.F.P.
University of Engineering and

Technology Peshawar
1
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
Lecture 05: Welded connections
CE-409: Lecture 05 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 2
Welding
Types of welds
Welded Joints
Welding processes
Nomenclature of welds
Welding symbols
Topics to be Addressed
Stresses in Welds
Specifications for Welds
Code Requirements
Design Examples
Topics to be Addressed
Welding

It is a process of joining parts by means of
heat & pressure, causes fusion of parts.
OR
Heating metal to fusion temperature with or
without addition of weld metals.
Code & specification: American Welding Society
(AWS)

Types of Welds
Welds are classified according to their shape
and method of deposition into:

1. Groove Weld
2. Fillet Weld
3. Plug Weld
4. Slot Weld
Types of Welds
1. Groove Weld is made in opening
between two parts being joined.
Types of Welds
2. Fillet Weld triangular in shape, joins
surfaces which are at an angle with one
another.

Groove welds are more efficient than fillet
welds.
Have greater resistance to repeated stress and
Impact loaded. Hence preferable for dynamically
loaded members.
Groove welds require less weld metal than fillet
weld of equal strength.
But fillet welds are often used in structural
work. WHY ?
Types of Welds
Groove Weld and Fillet Weld
But fillet welds are often used in structural
work WHY ?
Partly because many connections are more
easily made with fillet welds and
Partly because groove welds require the
member of structure to be cut to rather close
tolerances.
Types of Welds
Groove Weld and Fillet Weld
Types of Welds
3. Plug Weld is made by depositing weld
metal in a circular hole in one of two
lapped places.
Types of Welds
4. Slot Weld similar to plug but the hole is
elongated.

Types of Welds
Groove weld
Fillet weld
Plug weld
Slot weld
Welds are classified according to the
position of weld during welding as
1. Flat
2. Horizontal
3. Vertical
4. Overhead

Types of Welds
1. Flat: Executed from above, the weld
face approximately horizontal.

Types of Welds
2. Horizontal: Similar to Flat weld but weld is
harder to make.

Types of Welds
3. Vertical: Longitudinal axis of weld is
vertical.

Types of Welds
4. Overhead: Welding is done from underside
of the joint.

Types of Welds
Types of Welds
Welded Joints
They are classified as:
1. Butt Joint is groove-welded
2. Lap Joint is fillet-welded
1. Tee Joint can be fillet-welded or groove-welded
2. Corner Joint
Welded Joints
Welding processes

There are three methods of Welding:
1. Forge welding
2. Resistance welding
3. Fusion welding
Welding processes
1. Forge welding:
It consists of simply heating the pieces
above certain temperature and
hammering them together

Welding processes
2. Resistance welding
Metal parts are joined by means of heat and
pressure which causes fusion of parts.
Heat is generated by electrical resistance to
a current of high amperage & low voltage
passing through small area of contact
between parts to be connected.

Welding processes
3. Fusion welding:
Metal is heated to fusion temperature
with or without addition of weld metal
Method of connecting pieces by molten
metal
i. Oxyacetylene welding
ii. Electric arc welding

Arc is a sustained spark between a metallic
electrode and work to be welded.
At the instant arc is formed the temperature of
work and tip of electrode are brought to melting
point.
As the tip of electrode melts, tiny globules of
molten metal form.
Welding processes
Metal Arc Welding

The molten metal, when exposed to air
combines chemically with oxygen & nitrogen
forming oxides & nitrides, which tend to embrittle
it & less corrosive resistant.
Tough, ductile weld are produced if molten pool
is shielded by an inert gas, which envelops
molten metal & tip of electrode.

Welding processes
Metal Arc Welding
Welding processes
Metal Arc Welding
When an arc is struck between the metal rod
(electrode) and the work piece, both the rod and
work piece surface melt to form a weld pool.
Simultaneous melting of the flux coating on the
rod will form gas and slag which protects the weld
pool from the surrounding atmosphere.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
Welding processes
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
Welding processes
A bare wire is fed through welding head at a rate
to maintain constant arc length.
Welding is shielded by blanket of granular fusible
material fed onto the work area by gravity, in an
amount sufficient to submerge the arc completely.
In addition to protecting weld from atmosphere,
the covering aids in controlling rate of cooling of
weld.
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
Welding processes
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
Welding processes
It utilizes the heat of an arc between a
continuously fed consumable flux cored electrode
and the work.
The heat of the arc melts the surface of the base
metal and the end of the electrode.
The metal melted off the electrode is transferred
across the arc to the work piece, where it
becomes the deposited weld metal.
Shielding is obtained from the disintegration of
ingredients contained within the flux cored
electrode.
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
Welding processes
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
Welding processes

MIG Welding refers to the wire that is used to
start the arc.
It is shielded by inert gas and the feeding wire also
acts as the filler rod.
Metal-Arc Inert Gas (MIG) Welding
Welding processes
Metal-Arc Inert Gas (MIG) Welding
Welding processes

The arc is started with a tungsten electrode
shielded by inert gas and filler rod is fed into the
weld puddle separately.
The gas shielding that is required to protect the
molten metal from contamination is supplied
through the torch.
Tungsten-Arc Inert Gas (TIG) Welding
Welding processes
Tungsten-Arc Inert Gas (TIG) Welding
Welding processes
Large fillet welds made manually require two or
more passes.
Each pass must cool, and slag must be removed before
next pass.
Most efficient fillet welds are those which can be
made in one pass.

Welding processes
Important considerations
Largest size can be made in one pass depends
upon welding position & should not exceed the
following.
5/16 Horizontal or overhead
3/8 Flat position
1/2 Vertical position

Thickness of weld = Thickness of material 1/16

Welding processes
A fillet weld that is too small compared with the
thickness of the material being welded is affected
adversely during cooling.

The amount of heat required to deposit a small
weld is not sufficient to produce appreciable
expansion of the thick material, and as hotter
weld contracts during cooling it is restrained by
being attached to the cooler material and tensile
stresses produce, may cause crack of the weld.

Welding processes
Nomenclature of Welds
The part of weld assumed to be effective in
transferring stress is Throat.
The faces of weld in contact with the parts joined
is called its Legs..
For equal-legged fillet weld throat is 0.707s, where
s is leg size.
Fillet Weld
Standard Welding symbols
Fillet Weld
Fillet Weld
Fillet Weld
Unequal legs
Fillet Weld
Standard Welding smbols
Groove Weld
Groove Weld
Groove Weld
Plug & Slot Weld
Stresses In Welds
Groove weld may be stressed in tension,
compression, shear, or a combination of
tension, compression and shear, depending
upon the direction and position of load
relative to weld.
Stresses In Welds
f = P / (LT
e
)
The load P in Fig is resisted by shearing force
P/2, on the throat of each fillet weld.
f = (P /2) / (LT
e
)
Stresses In Welds
It is customary to take the force on a fillet weld
as a shear on the throat irrespective of the
direction of load relative to throat.
P 2 / 4
Stresses In Welds
Tests have shown that a fillet weld
transverse to the load is much stronger
than a fillet weld of same size parallel to
the load.
Stresses In Welds
Load sharing of P, between two
longitudinal fillet & one transverse fillet
weld depends either on:
Proportional to their
length if welds are of
same size.
Proportional to the area
for different size weld.
Stresses In Welds
Any abrupt discontinuity or change in section of
member such as notch or a sharp reentrant
corner, interrupts the transmission of stress
along smooth lines.
Joint is elongated in direction of load to produce a more uniform
transfer of stress
These concentrations are of no consequence for static loads, but
they are significant where fatigue is involved.

Stresses In Welds
Welding electrodes are classified on the basis of
mechanical properties of weld metal, Welding
position, type of coating, and type of Current
required.
Each electrode is identified by code number
EXXXXX.
E stands for Electrode and each X represents
number.
Specifications for Welded
Connections

First two or three numbers denote the tensile
strength in Ksi.
Next No. position in which electrode can be used.
e.g. 1: all positions, 2: flat & horizontal fillet welds, 3: flat welding only
Last No. denotes type of covering, type of current
& polarity.
Connections
Example: E7018 means
Tensile strength 70 Ksi
1 means can be used in all positions
8 means it is iron-powder, low-hydrogen electrode
used with A.C or D.C but only in reverse polarity.
Connections
AISC/ASD
Allowable stress in welded connection is given in Table
2-21
AISC/LRFD
Design strengths of welds are given in Table 2-22 with
resistance factor .
Code Requirements
AASHTO
Allowable stress are more conservative than AISC. e.g.
0.27Fu for fillet weld, Fu is tensile strength of electrode
but not less than tensile strength of connected part.
AREA
Allowable shear stress on fillet welds are given as
function of base material and strength of weld metal.
e.g.
A36. Electrode or electrode-flux combinations with:
60,000 psi tensile strength 16,500 psi
70,000 psi tensile strength 19,500 psi
Code Requirements
Code Requirements
Code Requirements
Code Requirements
Code Requirements
Code Requirements
68
Design Problem
Example Problem 1 - ASD
Final Design
Example Problem 2 LRFD
78
10
Final Design
Thanks

Lecture - 05 Welded Connections

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Lecture - 05 Welded Connections

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

N.W.F.P.

University of Engineering and

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen