Lecture - 06 Tension Members

N.W.F.P.
University of Engineering and

Technology Peshawar
1
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
Lecture 06: Tension Members
CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 2
Types of Steel Structures
Introductory concepts
Design Strength
Net Area at Connection
Shear Lag Phenomenon
ASD and LRFD Design of Tension
Members
Design Examples
Topics to be Addressed

The form of a tension member is
governed to a large extent by
Type of structure of which it is a part
Method of joining it to connecting portions.
Types of steel structures
Sections for Tension Members
Sections for Tension Members
Design Stresses
for
Base Material
Introductory Concepts
Stress: The stress in an axially loaded tension
member is given by Equation
The stress in a tension member is uniform
throughout the cross-section except:
near the point of application of load, and
at the cross-section with holes for bolts or other
discontinuities, etc.
b
b
a
a
8 x in. bar
Gusset plate
7/8 in. diameter hole
Section a-a
Section b-b
b
b
a
a
8 x in. bar
Gusset plate
b
b
a
a
8 x in. bar
Gusset plate
Section a-a
Section b-b
Section a-a
Section b-b
Area of bar at section a a = 8 x = 4 in
2

Area of bar at section b b = (8 2 x 7/8 ) x = 3.12 in
2

The unreduced area of the member is called its gross area = A
g

The reduced area of the member is called its net area = A
n

b
b
a
a
8 x in. bar
Gusset plate
Section a-a
Section b-b
b
b
a
a
8 x in. bar
Gusset plate
b
b
a
a
8 x in. bar
Gusset plate
Section a-a
Section b-b
Section a-a
Section b-b
Design strength
A tension member can fail by reaching one
of two limit states:

1. Excessive deformation
Yielding at the gross area

2. Fracture
Fracture at the net area
Design strength
1. Excessive deformation can occur due to the
yielding of the gross section at section a-a
b
b
a
a
8 x in. bar
Gusset plate
Section a-a
Section b-b
b
b
a
a
8 x in. bar
Gusset plate
b
b
a
a
8 x in. bar
Gusset plate
Section a-a
Section b-b
Section a-a
Section b-b
Design strength
2. Fracture of the net section can occur if the stress
at the net section (section b-b) reaches the
ultimate stress Fu
b
b
a
a
8 x in. bar
Gusset plate
Section a-a
Section b-b
b
b
a
a
8 x in. bar
Gusset plate
b
b
a
a
8 x in. bar
Gusset plate
Section a-a
Section b-b
Section a-a
Section b-b
Design strength
Yielding of the gross section will occur when
the stress f reaches F
y

Nominal yield strength = P
n
= A
g
F
y

Fracture of the net section will occur after the stress
on the net section area reaches the ultimate stress F
u

Nominal fracture strength = P
n
= A
e
F
u

y
g
F
A
P
f
u
e
F
A
P
f
Design strength
AISC/ASD
Ft = 0.6 Fy on Gross Area
Ft = 0.5 Fu on Effective Area

AISC/LRFD
Design strength for yielding on gross area

t
P
n
=
t
Fy Ag = 0.9 Fy Ag
Design strength for fracture of net section

t
P
n
=
t
Fu Ae = 0.75 Fu Ae
Effective Net Area
The connection has a significant influence on the
performance of a tension member.
A connection almost always weakens the member
and a measure of its influence is called joint
efficiency.
Effective Net Area
Joint efficiency is a function of:
(a) Material ductility
(b) Fastener spacing
(c) Stress concentration at holes
(d) Fabrication procedure
(e) Shear lag.
Effective Net Area
Research indicates that shear lag can be accounted for by
using a reduced or effective net area A
e

2
x
1
x
CG
For bolted connection, the effective net area is A
e
= U A
n

For welded connection, the effective net area is A
e
= U A
g

L
x
U 1
For Bolted Connections
Effective Net Area
For W, M, and S shapes with width-to-depth ratio of at least
2/3 and for Tee shapes cut from them, if the connection is
through the flanges with at least three fasteners per line in
the direction of applied load ,
U= 0.9

For all other shapes with at least three fasteners per line ,
U= 0.85

For all members with only two fasteners per line
U= 0.75

Net Area Example
Example : A 5 x bar of A572 Gr. 50 steel is used as a tension
member. It is connected to a gusset plate with six 7/8 in. diameter
bolts as shown in below. Assume that the effective net area A
e
equals
the actual net area A
n
and compute the tensile design strength of the
member.
b
b
a
a
5 x in. bar
Gusset plate
7/8 in. diameter bolt
A572 Gr. 50
b
b
a
a
5 x in. bar
Gusset plate
b
b
a
a
5 x in. bar
Gusset plate
A572 Gr. 50
Net Area Example
Gross section area (A
g
):

A
g
= 5 x = 2.5 in
2

Net section area (A
n
):
Bolt diameter = d
b
= 7/8 in.
Nominal hole diameter = d
h
= 7/8 + 1/16 in. = 15/16 in.
Hole diameter for calculating net area = 15/16 + 1/16 in. = 1 in.
Net section area = A
n
= (5 2 x (1)) x = 1.5 in
2

Net Area Example
Gross yielding design strength:
f
t
P
n
= f
t
F
y
A
g

= 0.9 x 50 ksi x 2.5 in
2
= 112.5 kips
Fracture design strength:
f
t
P
n
= f
t
F
u
A
e

= 0.75 x 65 ksi x 1.5 in
2
= 73.125 kips
Assume A
e
= A
n
(only for this problem)

Therefore, design strength = 73.125 kips (net section fracture
controls).

Shear Lag in Tension
Members
Shear lag in tension members arises when all the
elements of a cross section do not participate in the
load transfer at a connection.
There are two primary phenomena that arise in
these cases:
(i) Non-uniform straining of the web resulting in
biaxial stress states
(ii) Effective area reduction.
Members
Members
Effective area reduction
Members
Design Bottom Line
Shear lag can have a large influence on the
strength of tension members , in essence
reducing the effective area of the section. The
amount of the reduction is related to the length of
the connection and the arrangement of cross-
section elements that do not participate directly in
the connection load transfer.
Block Shear in Tension
Members
Block shear is a combined tensile/shear tearing
out of an entire section of a connection.
Members
A failure in which the member fails in tension
on one section and in shear on the
perpendicular section.

Members
T
T
Shear failure
Tension failure
(a)
(b)
(c)
T
T
Shear failure
Tension failure
Shear failure
Tension failure
(a)
(b)
(c)
Members
Members
For such a failure to occur, there are
two possible mechanisms:
(1) Shear rupture + tensile yielding; and
(2) Shear yielding + tensile rupturing.

Members
AISC/ASD
Ft = 0.6 Fy on Gross Area
Ft = 0.5 Fu on Effective Area
Connecting element allowable stresses
where failure may be by shear
Fv = 0.3 Fu
Allowable block shear
F = 0.3 Fu + 0.5 Fu
Members

AISC/LRFD

t
R
n
= 0.75(0.6 Fy A
gv
+ Fu A
nt
)

t
R
n
= 0.75(0.6 Fu A
nv
+ Fy A
gt
)
Members
Design Bottom Line
As a likely limit state for connections,
block shear must be considered in
design. This can be accomplished by
considering the strength limit states of
the two failure mechanisms outlined
above.

Design Example 1-ASD
Design Example 1-LRFD
Design Alternative 2

Lecture - 06 Tension Members

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Lecture - 06 Tension Members

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

N.W.F.P.

University of Engineering and

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen