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Introduction to

Telecommunications
Chapter 5
Applications of Telecommunications
Business
Telecommunications
Telecommunications
Architectures
Electronic commu-
nications system
Electronic meeting
systems
Business process
systems
Centralized
Distributed
Client/server
Interorganizational
Global
Electronic mail
Voice mail
Bulletin Board systems
Videotex
Fascimile
Public Information Service

Desktop Video
conferencing
Decision room
conferencing
Computer
conferencing
Teleconferencing
Online transaction
processing
Inquiry/Response
EDI / XML
Electronic Funds Transfer
Activity monitoring
Process control
Telecommuting
OBrien 121
Trends
Towards a greater number of competitive vendors, carriers, alliances
and telecommunications network services.
Industry trends
Towards open and interconnected local and global digital networks for voice,
data and video, using high-speed fiber-optics and satellites.
Technology trends
Towards a pervasive use of the internet and enterprise and interorganizational
intranets, to support collaborative computing, online business operations and
strategic advantage in local and global markets.
OBrien 122 - 124
Application Trends
Technological Developments
General trend: Connect everybody to everybody else.
Internet-network technologies
thousands new hardware- and software products
web-browsers, HTML- editors, firewalls
Open systems: based on standards
connectivity of systems: middleware
OSI, TCP/IP
Digital technologies
higher transmission speed
larger information streams
more efficient transmission method
less errors

text: OBrien : p. 168
Internet Revolution
Explosive growth
Terminology
WWW: inquiry sources of information via
graphical browser software
E-mail: electronic mail
Usenet: place messages on bulletin board
IRC: real time dialogs
FTP: file transfer
Telnet: login on other systems
Other: telephone, video conferencing, ...

text: OBrien : p. 172
Telecommunication model
Terminals
terminal, office equipment , telephones , ...
Telecommunications processors
modems, multiplexers, front-end processors, ...
Telecommunications channels and media
copper wires, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, satellites, ...
Computers
host computers, front-end computers, network servers, ...
Telecommunications control software
telecommunication monitors, network operating systems, ...

Middleware
OBrien 125
Interactive usage
Physical location often crucial factor to decide on the
type of connection between the computer and the
workstation

Standardization is an absolute must in this respect
Interactive usage :
- increases considerably the productivity
- requires communication networks
Required transmission capacity depends on the application
and on the user interface :
- administrative input <1000 char/sec
- CAD/CAM millions char/sec
Telecommunication Components
End-user
workstation
Telecommunications
software
Computers
Telecom
processors
Telecom
processors
Telecom
Channels and Media
5 components
OBrien 126
LAN
PC-workstation PC-workstation
PC-workstation PC-workstation PC-workstation
PC-workstation
Network
Server
Port to
other networks


Shared hard disk
Shared
printer
Databases and
Software packages
OBrien 127 - 128
WAN - Internetwork
network
in US
network
in Europe
Mainframe,
hosts
Internet
network
in Australia
LANs
LANs
Tymnet
Cisco corporation network
Client/server network
Intranet
Company A
Intranet
Company B
Mainframe host system
Router
Router
Internet
Firewall
Firewall
text: OBrien p 178
Client - Server
Clients
Clients
comm.
server
comm.
server
DB.
server
Print
server
DB.
server
O.A.
server
CAD
server
The Internetwork-enterprise
The Internet
Intranets
Intranets
Intranets
Intranets
Extranets
Client
Enterprise
Supplier
Other Organizations
Electronic Commerce
text: OBrien p 180
Media and Channels
Signals
analog
digital
Cables
Twisted-pair interference
Coaxial cable 20x more expensive
5.500 simultaneous phone calls
Fiber-optic
1 fiber 30.000 phone calls
Wireless
microwave
satellites
Radio, Infrared, Cellular Radio, Mobile computing
GPS global positioning system
Medium Transmission speed
Metal wire .0012Mbps - 10 Mbps
Microwave .256 Mbps - 100Mbps
Fiber optics .5Mbps - 1,000Mbps
text: OBrien p183 - 186
Communication hardware
Modems 9.600 14.400 28.800 bps
Transmission mode
Simplex 1 circuit , 1 direction
Half-duplex 1 circuit, 2 directions, difficult co-ordination
Full duplex 2 circuits, 2 directions
Transmission accurateness
parity bits forward and backward error correction
Processors
multiplexers frequency, time or statistic time distribution
front-end processors to handle routine communication tasks
with peripheral equipment
text: OBrien p 187 - 189
Network Topology
Star
all communications go via the central system
Bus
can easily be extended at the ends
Ring
more secure
Star network


With direct
connections
- Efficient , also for high speeds
- With a large number of workstations cabling might be a problem
OBrien 147 - 148
Point-to-point lines
Star network (multiplexed)
Access via
multiplexed
lines
eventually rented
- local speed up to 2000 char/sec , 1M char/sec very expensive
- internationally 1000 char/sec commonly available
Shared usage of a
broadband network
- more complex hardware
- simpler cabling system
Multidrop lines
Bus network
OBrien 191
Ring Networks
Ring Network
- more equal basis
OBrien 147
Public data networks
PAD
Data Network
E.g..: DCS 1000 - 6000 char/sec , cost / volume data ( X25 )
Due to high connection cost ($ 30.000 year) usage of PAD
PAD =
Packet Assembler
and Disassembler
ISDN
ISDN
- universal network for telephone and data
- > 6000 char/sec
ISDN
Integrated services
Digital network
Open systems
This provides the user a better independence from a
specific hardware or software supplier and therefore a
better guarantee for his investments.
It allows the user to make always the most appropriate
and optimal choice for each of the sub-systems .
Open systems are not yet sufficiently available on the
market.
The best examples are UNIX and the OSI network
model
Definition:
An open system is a system where the design has
not been made by a supplier but by an accredited
standardization organization (eg:ISO , IEEE , ANSI ,
CODASYL , ... )
The OSI model
Defined by ISO ( International Standard Organization ).
OSI ( Open System Interconnect ) describes a framework to
subdivide connection problems in networks into almost
independent sub-problems .
e.g.:
president x president y
interpreter x
cryptography cryptography
operator operator
diplomatic
rules
common
language
common
key
common
channel
physical link
interpreter y
The TCP/IP and the 7 layer OSI model
Application- or
process layer
Host-to-host
transport layer
Internet-protocol
IP
network-interface
Physical layer
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
data link
Physical layer
Communication services
for end users
Correct formatting
and coding
Support for session
initiation
Data transfers between
nodes
routing of
connections
Support for error-free
data transfer
physical access to
communication media
OBrien 193
TCP/IP OSI
OSI 7-Layer Model
7. Application (user application program)
6. Presentation (user interface / screen display )
5. Session ( exchange between two nodes on the network )
4. Transport ( protocol for encoding messages )
3. Network ( mechanism for separating multiple messages )
2. Link ( data encoding schemes )
1. Physical ( wires, connectors , voltage )
OBrien 150

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