Diagrammatic

Representation of Data
I n order to make the data suitable for analysis and
interpretation, the after classification and tabulation, the have
to be presented properly by using Charts and Diagrams, so
that the salient characteristics of the data which is crucial in
terms of decision making and adoption of new policies, comes
out.

A dvantages:-
Diagrams are appealing to the eyes as well as to intellect, and
are therefore helpful is assimilating the data readily and
quickly.
It helps to find out the relative position of different sub
divisions and can draw a meaningful inference on the basis of
this comparative analysis.
Moreover a chart or diagram can clarify a complex problem
and reveal facts, which are not apparent from the tabular form.
It is sometimes necessary in finding the trend in the time
series.
 Bar Diagram

Bar diagram consists of a group of

equispaced rectangular bars, one for each
category (or class) of given statistical data.
The bars are starting from common base
line, must be of equal width and their length
represents the value of the statistical data.
 Types of Bar Diagram

Bar diagrams are of following types:-

1) Simple bar diagram
2) Subdivided (or component) bar
diagram
3) Multiple bar diagram
4) Percentage bar diagram
5) Deviation bar diagram
 1) Simple bar diagram

Simple bar diagrams are very popular in

practice, they can present only one category
of data.

For example:- while presenting the total

number of worker for the last few
dacades,one can only depict the total
number of worker in the simple bar diagrams
not its sector wise (agricultural or non-
agricultural) distribution.
Table 1 :- Total number of worker in India (1860-1950)

Year Number of worker(Million)

1860 10.5
1870 13.0
1880 17.4
1890 23.3
1900 29.1
1910 37.0
1920 42.4
1930 48.9
1940 51.7
1950 59
 2)Subdivided (or component) bar
diagram

These subdivided bar diagrams are

used to present various parts of the
total.

For Example:-The sector wise

(agricultural or non-agricultural)
distribution of total worker may be
represented by a subdivided bar
diagram.
Title:-Distribution of total workers in agricultural and
non-agricultural sector for the years 1860-1950

Year Agricultural Non-Agricultural Total Number of

Worker(Million) Worker(Million) worker(Million)

1860 6.2 4.3 10.5

1870 6.9 6.1 13.0
1880 8.6 8.8 17.4
1890 9.9 13.4 23.3
1900 10.9 18.2 29.1
1910 11.6 25.4 37.0
1920 11.4 31.0 42.4
1930 10.5 38.4 48.9
1940 8.8 42.9 51.7
1950 6.8 52.2 59
Bar charts of agricultural worker
Bar charts of non-agricultural
worker
70

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Agricultural
40 Worker(Million)

30 Non-Agricultural
Worker(Million)
20

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 3)Multiple bar diagram

In multiple bar diagram two or more

sets of interrelated data are
represented.

For Example:- The total proceeds and

total costs (in thousand of rupees)of a
firm for the years 2000-20005 may be
represented by a multiple bar diagram.
 The total proceeds and total costs
(in thousand of rupees) of a firm for the years
2000-20005

Year Total Proceeds Total Costs

2000 22.0 19.5

2001 27.3 21.7

2002 28.2 30.0

2003 30.3 25.6

2004 32.7 26.1

2005 33.3 34.2

 4)Percentage bar diagram

The length of the bars is kept equal to 100

and segments are cut in bars to present the
components (percentage) of an aggregate.

For Example:-The actual outlay for the

public sector in India’ first two Five-year
Plans under different heads of development
expenditure may be represented by a
percentage bar diagram.
 Development expenditure in different sectors in India’s
first two Five-year Plans

Head of Development Percentage of Total Outlay

Plan I Plan II
Agriculture and 14.8 11.7
Community Development
Irrigation and Power 29.7 18.9
Industry 5.0 24.1
Transport and 26.4 27.0
communications
Social Service 21.0 16.5
Miscellaneous 3.1 1.8
Total 100.0 100.0
120

100 3.1 1.8

16.5
21
80 Agriculture
Irrigation
27 Industry
60 26.4
Transport
5 Social Service
40 24.1 Miscellaneous
29.7
20 18.9

14.8 11.7
0
Plan I Plan II
 5) Deviation bar diagram

Deviation bars are popularly used for

representing net quantities-excess or
dificit,i.e,net profit ,net loss, net import
or export,etc. Such bars can have both
positive and negative values. Positives
values are shown above the base line
and negative values below it.
 Pie Diagram

Pie diagram is a circle whose area is divided

proportionately among the different
components by straight line drawn from the
centre to the circumference of the circle.

When the statistical data are given for a

number of categories or and we are
interested in the comparison of the various
categories, such a diagram is helpful in
effectively displaying the data.
For Example:- The entire circle or pie, may
represent the budget of a family for a month i.e.
Rs.7000/- and the sections may represent
portions of the budget allotted to
food,rent,education,savings and miscellaneous,
as shown in the below table.
Item Amount (Rs) Percentage of
total budget
Food 3150 45%
Rent 770 11%
Education 1400 20%
Savings 980 14%
Miscellaneous 700 10%
Total Budget 7000 100
For drawing a pie diagram, it is necessary to
express the value of each category as a percentage
of the total.

Since the full angle 360 degree around the centre

of the circle represents the whole budget i.e. 100%,
the percentage figure of each component is
multiplied by 3.6 degree to find the angle of the
corresponding sector at the centre of the circle.

100 ---------------------------- 360 degree

1 ---------------------------- 360/100 =3.6 degree
45 ----------------------------- =3.6 x 45 = 162 degree
By this way, we can find out the angles
corresponding to each sections,

Item Amount (Rs) Percentage of Angle(degree)

total budget
Food 3150 45% 45 x 3.6 =
162
Rent 770 11% 11 x 3.6 =
39.6
Education 1400 20% 20 x 3.6 = 72
Savings 980 14% 14 x 3.6 =
50.4
Miscellaneous 700 10% 10 x 3.6 =36

Total Budget 7000 100 360

 Line Diagram

This is the most common method of representing statistical

sata,especially used in business and commerce, where data
are shown in accordance with the time of occurrence. The line
diagram shown by means of a curve or a straight line, the
relationship between two variables. Two straight line, one
horizontal and the other vertical (known as X-axis and Y-axis
respectively),are drawn on a graph paper, which intersect at a
point called origin. The given data are presented as points on
the graph paper. The position of any point is determined by the
distances from the axes on the basis of any given data. The
consecutive points thus obtained are joined by pieces of
straight line, giving the line diagram.
Year Number of worker(Million)

1860 10.5
1870 13.0
1880 17.4
1890 23.3
1900 29.1
1910 37.0
1920 42.4
1930 48.9
1940 51.7
1950 59
 Table 1 :- Total number of worker in India (1860-1950)

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