Energy and Work

both are scalars --- easier to manipulate

introduce new physical principle:
conservation of energy

Kinetic Energy state of motion
If speed << c, then

=
2


relative motion fixed frame of reference

2
joule Nm
Work transfer of energy
work done by a force on a system
energy to system +W energy from system W
no material transfer

if

constant, =

= cos
units same as energy

Work transfer of energy
= cos

when 0 < 90 then > 0 and K
when 90 < 180 then < 0 and K
when = 90 then = 0 and K is constant
Work transfer of energy
= cos

when 0 < 90 then > 0 and K
when 90 < 180 then < 0 and K
when = 90 then = 0 and K is constant
F
d
Work transfer of energy
= cos

when 0 < 90 then > 0 and K
when 90 < 180 then < 0 and K
when = 90 then = 0 and K is constant
d
F
Work transfer of energy
= cos

when 0 < 90 then > 0 and K
when 90 < 180 then < 0 and K
when = 90 then = 0 and K is constant
d
F
Work and Kinetic Energy
=

=
work done on system

=

2



Work Done by Gravity

is always down,

varies.

= cos

F
g
d
d
d
d
F
g
0
180


Work Done by Gravity

is always down,

varies.

= cos
with applied force F
a

=

when

then = 0 =

= cos
F
g
d
d
d
d
F
g
0
180


d
h
consider vertical drop h

= cos 0 =
in triangle = cos
therefore, substituting in above

= cos
An 8.00 kg cat tumbles 2.00 m into a pool. How much work was done by
gravity on the cat?
Mighty Mouse tumbles in after the cat. How fast was he moving on impact
with the water?
A champion curler must apply what constant force at a 15 angle to a 15.0 kg
stone over a 1.50 m distance on frictionless ice to give it a final velocity of
1.10 m/s?
A pitcher releases a 145 g baseball at 40.0 m/s. How much work must be done
by the pitcher on the ball?
What constant force must he apply to the ball over a 2.10 m distance?
The catchers mitt moves back 10.0 cm in stopping the ball. How much work
was done by the catcher on the ball? What constant force?
l = 1.5 m
h = 0.91 m
A worker pushes a 45kg block of ice up a
frictionless ramp at a constant speed.
Determine the applied force, the work done
by the applied force, the work done by
gravity, the work done by the normal force,
and the net work.
a
t
t
0
t
1
area = at
a = a
=

0
=

0
=

0


0
=
1

0
=
=
0
+
Integration anti-derivative
Integration anti-derivative
v
t
t
i
t
f
v = v
0
+ at
at
2
v
i
v
0
t
=

0
=

0
=
0
+

0


0
=
0

0
+

0


0
=
0

0
+

0


0
=
0
+
2

=
0
+
0
+
2

area = v
0
t + at
2
Work Done by a Varying Force
Particle acted on by a varying force. Clearly, d
is not constant! F
Work Done by a Varying Force
For a force that varies, the work can be approximated by
dividing the distance up into small pieces, finding the
work done during each, and adding them up.
Work Done by a Varying Force
In the limit that the pieces become infinitesimally
narrow, the work is the area under the curve:
Or:
Work Done by a Varying Force
Work done by a spring force:
The force exerted by a
spring opposes
displacement and is
given by Hookes
Law:
The constant k is the spring
or elastic constant
Work done by a spring force:
F
s
x
F
s
= kx
kx

()

0
=

0

Work done by applied force:

=
2

=

2

=

2

Work done by spring:

=
2

In preparation for lab Week 8, read Ch.
14, sect. 1-6, of our text: Oscillatory
Motion.

Dont be left hanging from a spring.
A yearly tradition at MIT is the water balloon fight between dorm buildings.
Latex tubing is attached to the window frames to act as sling shots. Assume
the tubing follows Hookes Law with a spring constant 114 N/m. If the
tubing is initially stretched 2.60 m, find the work done on the balloon by the
latex tubing (W
s
). Find the launch velocity of the water balloon, mass 0.500
kg).
Projectile Launcher
x
i
x
f
v
i
v
f

=
2
=

2

Cannot use: this F is
only at one x.
Mass of ball: 60.0 g
x
i
= 12.0 cm
x
f
= 0 cm

v
i
= 0 m/s
v
f
= 4.90 m/s

Find the spring constant k.
Projectile Launcher
mass of ball: 60.0 g
x
i
= 12.0 cm
x
f
= 0 cm

v
i
= 0 m/s
= 30.0
W
s
= 0.720 J
k = 100. N/m
Calculate the launch velocity.

Projectile Launcher
x
i
x
f
v
i
v
f
Same conditions but now with an angle of 90

What is the launch velocity?
Potential Energy
due to configuration, arrangement, position
Gravitational: position in gravitational field
Elastic: stretch/compress around a position
U = 0 the choice is yours

Potential Energy the result of forces, the interaction of bodies;
not property of the object: object does not have potential
energy.
Potential Energy always involves a conservative force
Conservative Forces
if work done by force depends on initial/final positions and
NOT the path
if initial = final position then W
net
= 0, no matter what path .
W
forward
= W
reverse
gravitational & spring/elastic forces are conservative

Friction (including drag) is nonconservative:
total W
fric
< 0 never 0
path dependent
Potential Energy and Work
Gravitational

= (

) cos 180

= (

)
Potential Energy and Work
Elastic (follows Hookes Law)

2

Conservation of Mechanical Energy
No frictional forces permitted

= + =

= + = 0
=

2
/ (
2
)
Work done on a system
= =

for an isolated system (no E or mass transfer)

= 0
When unloaded the spring of the launcher reaches the
muzzle. When a 100 g ball is placed in the launcher the
spring is now compressed by 1.10 cm.
What is the spring constant?
When unloaded the spring of the launcher reaches the
muzzle. When a 100 g ball is placed in the launcher the
spring is now compressed by 1.10 cm.
What is the spring constant?
When the launcher is fully armed the spring has been
compressed an additional 11.0 cm. Just before firing what
is the elastic potential energy of the system with respect to
the unloaded launcher?
When unloaded the spring of the launcher reaches the
muzzle. When a 100 g ball is placed in the launcher the
spring is now compressed by 1.10 cm.
What is the spring constant?
When the launcher is fully armed the spring has been
compressed an additional 11.0 cm. Just before firing what
is the elastic potential energy of the system with respect to
the unloaded launcher?
After firing the ball is propelled upwards. At its maximum height what is its
potential energy with respect to the launch position?
When unloaded the spring of the launcher reaches the
muzzle. When a 100 g ball is placed in the launcher the
spring is now compressed by 1.10 cm.
What is the spring constant?
= 98.0 /
When the launcher is fully armed the spring has been
compressed an additional 11.0 cm. Just before firing what
is the elastic potential energy of the system with respect to
the unloaded launcher?

= 0.717
After firing the ball is propelled upwards. At its maximum height what is its
potential energy with respect to the launch position?
+ = 0 =

0 0 + 0 0.717J + U
gf
0

= 0.717
When unloaded the spring of the launcher reaches the
muzzle. When a 100 g ball is placed in the launcher the
spring is now compressed by 1.10 cm.
What is the spring constant?
= 98.0 /
When the launcher is fully armed the spring has been
compressed an additional 11.0 cm. Just before firing what
is the elastic potential energy of the system with respect to
the unloaded launcher?

= 0.717
After firing the ball is propelled upwards. At its maximum height what is its
potential energy with respect to the launch position?

= 0.717
What is the balls maximum height above the launch position?
A pendulum cat swings from an initial displacement angle of
10.0 at the end of a 20.0 m line. At the bottom of the swing
a knife edge severs the cord just above the cat. What is the
cats velocity at the break?
5.00 m
8.00 kg

A
A pendulum cat swings from an initial displacement angle of
10.0 at the end of a 20.0 m line. At the bottom of the swing
a knife edge severs the cord just above the cat. What is the
cats velocity at the break?
How far to the right of point A does the cat land?
5.00 m
8.00 kg

r
h
l
A
A pendulum cat swings from an initial displacement angle of
10.0 at the end of a 20.0 m line. At the bottom of the swing
a knife edge severs the cord just above the cat. What is the
cats velocity at the break?
How far to the right of point A does the cat land? What is the
tension in the line at the bottom?
5.00 m
8.00 kg

r
h
l
A
h
A
B
r
Design for a frictionless roller coaster in Newtons
amusement park. Find the ratio of h to r such that at
B there is no normal force.
In the Neonewton Saloon (friction allowed) a full beer stein of mass 2.00 kg slid
horizontally across the bar with an initial speed of 3.00 m/s. The stein travelled a
distance of 1.53 m before stopping (without losing a drop). Find the coefficient
of kinetic friction between the stein and the bartop.