Overview

Chapter 3 - Buoyancy versus gravity =

stability

(see Chapter Objectives in text)

Builds on Chapters 1 and 2

6-week exam is Chapters 1-3!


HYDROSTATICS
Review (3.1)
Archimedes Principle:

An object partially or fully submerged in a fluid
will experience a resultant vertical force equal
in magnitude to the weight of the volume of
fluid displaced by the object.

This force is called the buoyant force or the
force of buoyancy(FB).
HYDROSTATICS
Review (3.1)
Mathematical Equation:

Where. . .

F
B
is the magnitude of the resultant buoyant force in lb,

is the density of the fluid in lb s
2
/ ft
4
,

g is the magnitude of the acceleration of gravity normally
taken to be 32.17 ft / s
2
.

V is the volume of fluid displaced by the object in ft
3
.
B
F g weight = V = A =
Hydrostatics
The forces lead to
translations:
Heave
Surge
Sway

The moments lead
to rotations:
Roll
Pitch
Yaw
Vessel Degrees of Freedom
And Static Equilibrium
HYDROSTATICS
Static Equilibrium : Forces and Moments
(3.1.2.1-2)
Sum of the Resultant Forces:




Sum of the Moments about a reference point:



Static equilibrium must consist of both
conditions!
0 0 0 Mx My Mz = = =

B
F g weight = V = A =
0 ?
0 ?
0 ?
Fx
Fy
Fz
= =
= =
= =

HYDROSTATICS
Static Equilibrium : Stability
t
B
Is this boat in static equilibrium?
What are the component forces and moments?
Are they internal or external?
HYDROSTATICS
Static Equilibrium (3.1.1.2)
G
B
L
W
Port Starboard
Distibuted
Hydrostatic
Forces
Resultant
Weight,
s
Resultant Vertical
Buoyant Force
F
B
Atmospheric
Pressure
Hydrostatic
Pressure
What is the hydrostatic pressure? F=p*A
Wave?
HYDROSTATICS
Static Equilibrium : Stability (3.2)
B
t
HYDROSTATICS
Changes in the Center of Gravity (3.2)
The Center of Gravity (G) is the point at which all of
the mass of the ship can be considered to be located (for
most problems).
Terminology! UPPERCASE for ship; lowercase for a
smaller weight.

It is referenced vertically from the keel of the ship (KG
or VCG or Kg).

(1) Shifting, (2) adding, or (3) removing weight changes
the location of the Center of Gravity.
HYDROSTATICS
Static Equilibrium : Stability
t
B
Where is the Center of Gravity?
The Center of Buoyancy?
Are they vertically aligned? Why/Why not?
HYDROSTATICS
Changes in the Center of Gravity (3.2.1.1)
C
B
L
L
WL
g
G
o
w
G
f
K
When weight is added to
a ship, the CG will move in
a straight line from its
current position toward the
cg of the weight being
added. G
0
to G
f
. The
distance is a ratio of the
weight and disp.

What happens to the
Center of Buoyancy
(and the ship)?
HYDROSTATICS
Changes in the Center of Gravity (3.2.1.2)
When weight is
removed from a ship,
G will move
in a straight line from
its current position
away from the center
of gravity of the
weight being
removed. G
0
to G
f
.
C
B
L
L
WL
g
G
o
w G
f
K
Changes in the Center of Gravity (3.2.1.3)
When a small
weight is shifted (but
not added or removed, CG
will move parallel to the
weight shift but a much
smaller distance because it
is only a small fraction of
the total weight of the ship.
C
B
L
L
W L
g
o
g
f
G
o
G
f
w
w
K
Starboard Port
HYDROSTATICS
HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.1)
Where: (note: some use the term initial for old and
final for new

KG
new
is the final vertical position of the center of gravity
of the ship as referenced from the keel. KGs are in feet.

KG
old
is the initial vertical position of the center of gravity
of the ship as referenced from the keel.
old old addedweight addedweight
new
old addedweight
KG Kg w
KG
w
A
=
A
HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.1)
And,

A
s new
is the final displacement of the ship in LT. In this
example, it is equal to the initial
displacement plus or minus the weight added.

A
s old
is the initial displacement of the ship in LT.

Kg
added weight
is the vertical position of the center of gravity of
the weight being added as referenced from the keel.
This line segment is a distance in feet.

w
added weight
is the weight of the weight to be added in LT.
HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.1)
The first equation was for a weight addition or
removal. What do we do for a weight shift? What is
different

Re-examine our first vertical shift equation.
What changes?
old old addedweight addedweight
new
old addedweight
KG Kg w
KG
w
A
=
A
HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.3)
So, the final equation for vertical shifts is:
( )
old old new old
new
old
KG w Kg Kg
KG
w
A
=
A
Example: A 150 pound person climbs in a 10 pound canoe and sits
down. How much has KG shifted? KG
old
=0.5 ft Kg=?
HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.4)
Last Comments:

The general equation covers all cases for a
change in KG. This is the equation you should
apply to the exams!


HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in the Center of Gravity
(3.2.3)
Shifts side to side of the Center of Gravity.

Starboard is positive and port is negative!


As in Vertical case, the Transverse movement of
G may be caused by either (1) addition, (2)
removal, or (3) shifting of weights.
HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3)
Results in a List on the Vessel.

List occurs when a vessel is in static
equilibrium and down by either the port or
starboard side. No external forces are required to
maintain this condition and it is permanent unless
the Center of Gravity changes.

List is different from heeling. Heeling
occurs because an external couple is acting on
the vessel. Heeling is a more temporary
condition.
HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3)
Example (Listing or Heeling?)
HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3)
HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3)
The Transverse Center of Gravity is
referenced in the transverse
(athwartships) direction from the
centerline of the ship and is labeled TCG.

The equation used for a transverse shift in
the Center of Gravity is the same as was
used for the vertical shift! (With some
changes in the notation.)
HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3.4)
Remember a weight shift is just like removing a
weight from its original location and adding it
to its final location. So for just a weight shift,
the generalized equation simplifies to:

( )
old old new old
new
old
TCG w TCg TCg
TCG
w
A
=
A
Example: Your 100 LT ship is initially upright. You pump 5
LT of water from a point 15 ft starboard of centerline to 10 ft
port of centerline. What is the new TCG? (We will use that
answer later to find the angle of heel.

HYDROSTATICS
( )
old old new old
new
old
TCG w TCg TCg
TCG
w
A
=
A
Vertical and Transverse Changes in G
The Key Equations!
( )
old old new old
new
old
KG w Kg Kg
KG
w
A
=
A
When faced with a change in weight (add, sub or
move), first sketch it, then solve KG, then solve
TCG!
HYDROSTATICS
Metacenter (3.3)
A reference point for hydrostatic calculations for small
angles of roll (less than 10 degrees) or pitch (less than five
degrees).
Defined as the intersection of the buoyancy forces and the
ship centerline.
B
o
B
1
S
O
F
B
O
T
Figure 3.13 - Inclined ship to the starboard side due to a shift in the center of gravity.
HYDROSTATICS
Metacenter (3.3)

The higher the metacenter, the more stable the ship
is!

There is a different metacenter for ship pitching in
the longitudinal direction and ships rolling in
the transverse direction.

BM
T
is for roll, BM
L
for pitch. Which is higher?
If the subscript is omitted, it means BM
T
.

HYDROSTATICS
Metacentric Radius (3.3.1.1)
The distance from the Metacenter to the
Center of Buoyancy is defined as the
Metacentric Radius (BM).
Zero pt.
B
M
T
K
T
I
BM =
V
3
2
3
T
I y dx =
}
Quick Review
Finding KM
T
from the Curves of Form
For a draft of 10 ft

Curve 8
Genl Scale =
192
192*0.06 ft
KM
T
=11.5 ft

HYDROSTATICS
Metacentric Height (3.3.1.2)
The distance between the Center of Gravity (G)
and the Metacenter (M) is defined as the
Metacentric Height (GM).
Zero pt.
G
M
T
HYDROSTATICS
Metacentric Height (3.3.1.2)
Why is GM important?

If G is below M, then GM is said to be positive.
The ship does not want to capsize. This is
GOOD!

If G coincides with M, then GM is said to be
zero. A vessel would stay heeled. This is not
very good.

If G is above M, the GM is said to be negative.
The ship will tip over. This is REALLY BAD!
Good (positive) GM!
The ship wants to roll upright.
Z
e
r
o
p
t.
Bad (negative) GM!
The ship wants to roll over. G is
either too high or M is too low!
Z
e
r
o
p
t.
HYDROSTATICS
Metacentric Radius (3.3.2.2)
B and M are functions of the hull shape and are
generally constant over the life of the ship. G is
based on the weights and changes constantly.

To be safe at sea, we need to find the ships KG to
make sure it is sufficiently below M!
KG = KM - GM
Where,
KM is shown on the Curves of Form.

GM is found from both calculations and by an
Inclining Experiement
HYDROSTATICS
Metacentric Radius (3.3.2.2)
KM=KB + BM where:

KB is found by numerical integration but
for most vessels is between 40-50% of the
draft
BM is found by:

I
T
is the Transverse Moment of Area of the
Waterplane and has the units of ft
4

For a box-shaped barge it simplifies to:
T
T
I
BM =
V
3
12
T
LB
I =
3
2
3
T
I y dx =
}
Example stability check
You have just bought a 30-foot long
floating dock, made some modifications
and will now put it in the water. It is 6 ft
wide and 2.5 feet deep. KG=2 ft and it
has a 1 ft draft. Will it be stable? (eg
Find GM and determine if it is positive!)
HYDROSTATICS
Calculating Angle of List (3.4)
As a weight shifts across the deck of a vessel, the
vessel lists (or inclines. How can we predict
the angle of inclination (list)?


Derivation of Equation

Draw two vessels, one upright and one listing.
Show a weight moving, along with the CG and B.
Calculating Angle of List (3.4)
L
B
L
W
G
o
G
t
B
o
B
f
S
M
T O
F
B
O
Starboard
Port
HYDROSTATICS
Calculating Angle of List (3.4.2)
The weight is shifted causing a shift in the Center
of Gravity.

A moment is created causing the vessel to incline.

The underwater shape of the hull changes
causing the Center of Buoyancy (B) to move
until it is in line with the Center of Gravity (G)
and the vessel is back in static equilibrium.
HYDROSTATICS
Calculating Angle of List (3.4.3)
From the geometry and then some substitution,
we get:
Z
e
r
o
p
t.
tan
tan
O F O
G G G M
GM w t
|
|
=
A =
W
t
G
M
|
B
HYDROSTATICS
Calculating Angle of List (3.4.3)

This equation only works for small angles
because it assumes that the Metacenter does
not move!

Note that for small angles, tan = sin! So you can
calculate GM from either along the old or new
inclined axis.

Example: You move a 1 LT weight 25 feet to
starboard on your 100 LT ship and it lists 2 degrees.
What is GM? How would you find KG?
HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5)
Uses small-angle hydrostatics to find the
vertical center of gravity (KG) of a ship.

Process:
A weight is moved a transverse
distance, causing a shift in the TCG, and
resulting in measurable inclination (list).
HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5)
Navy 44 Incline Experiment
HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5.1)
Solving the Angle of Heel equation for the
metacentric height (GM), we find:




The easiest way to do this experiment is to use
one set of weights at one distance off centerline.
Alas, this would have significant experimental
errors, so we measure the inclination with different
weights and different positions.
tan
w t
GM
|
=
A
HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5.1)
We then plot the data on a graph where the y-
axis is the Inclining Moment (wt) and the x-
axis is the Tangent of the inclining angle (Tan |).

The average value of GM can be found from the
slope of the line. We can see that:
1 1 1
tan
w t rise y
GM slope
run x |
c
= = = =
A A c A A
HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5.1)
Recall: We want to find the Center of Gravity
which can be found by the equation:

KG=KM-GM


KM is found from the Curves of Form

GM is found from the Inclining Experiment
HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5.2)
Removing the Inclining Apparatus we must
recalculate KG. This is done as a weight
removal problem:
( )
old old new old
new
old
KG w Kg Kg
KG
w
A
=
A
HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5.3)
Shipboard Considerations:
No initial list.
Minimum trim.
Dry bilges.
Liquid fuel and oil to be in accordance with the
Shipyard Memo.
Sluice valves closed.
All consumables are to be inventoried.

Minimum number of personnel remain onboard.
See the example in your text!
HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
A longitudinal shift in the CG will result in the
vessel having some trim.

Trim is the difference between the forward and aft
drafts, T
f
and T
a
. It may be calculated by:
Trim = T
aft
- T
fwd
T
m
= ()(T
a
+ T
f
)
The Mean Draft is:
Ex. A ship has a draft of 15
fwd and 16 aft. Trim = 1 ft
HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
A vessel is trimmed by the bow when the bow has
a deeper draft. This is indicated by a negative
trim.

A vessel is trimmed by the stern when the stern
has a deeper draft. This is indicated by a
positive trim.

What is the point which the vessel trims about?
HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
What happens when a weight is shifted forward or
aft?

The vessel goes down by the bow or stern
depending on the direction of the weight shift.

Note that the change in trim is independent of
the original location of the weight. (i.e. It only
matters whether the weight moves forward or aft)
HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
The Trim Problem (3.6)
Draw a picture of what is happening when a
vessel trims due to a weight shift:
d
AFT d
FWD
L
PP
AP
l
F
FP
w
HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
As the weight shifts forward, a new operating waterline is
created and the draft decreases aft and increases
forward.
d
AFT d
FWD
L
PP
AP
l
F
FP
w
oT
aft
oT
fwd
HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
We now have two similar triangles and will draw a
third which represents the change in trim.

Recall: Trim = T
aft
-T
fwd
So the total Trim with a change in trim is:


And with no initial trim, then the change in TRIM is:
aft aft fwd fwd
TRIM T T T T = + c + c
aft fwd
TRIM T T c = c + c
HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
To calculate the final drafts we will need to find:




Where MT1 is from the Curves of Form (2.10)
We use similar triangles (ratios) to find the change
in draft due to the weight shift.
1
aft fwd
w l
TRIM T T
MT
c = = c +c
aft fwd
aft fwd
T T
TRIM
d d LPP
c c
c
= =
HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
Example: You have a 1000
x 200 x 90 foot tanker
(100,000 LT) with F at Stn 6. It
has zero TRIM. You move
1000 LT of oil 450 ft aft. What
is the new draft at the stern?
MT1~ I
L
/420L=150,000 FTLT/in