virulent organisms that is administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease.
1. Capture by Anti-gen-Presenting Cell (APC): APCs roam the body looking for invaders. When APC finds the vaccine antigen, it ingress the invader, break it apart, and displays a piece of the antigen on its surface. T helper cell activation: APCs displaying the antigen travel to areas where immune cells cluster such as lymph nodes. Nave T cells specific to the antigen recognize it as foreign and become activated. T helper cell (1 type of active T cells) alert nearby cells to the presence of the invader. B Cell Activation: Nave B cells react to vaccine antigen when it enters the body. B cells can recognize antigens displayed by APCs as well as antigens travelling freely in the body. Active B cells can undergo cell division, producing more active B cells that are specific to the vaccine antigen. B cells Mature into Plasma B cells: After activation by the vaccine antigen and receipt of signals from activated T helper cells, some B cells transform into plasma B cells- the immune systems antibody factories. The plasma B cells produce antibodies specific to the vaccine antigen. Plasma B cells secrete Antibodies: Y shaped proteins called antibodies are released at high levels every second. The number of antibody types in the human body is in the hundreds of millions, allowing for interaction and binding with a huge range of antigens. Antibodies Bind to Specific Antigens: Each antibody tightly attaches to one specific, target antigen, similar to a lock and key. This action may prevent the antigen from entering a cell or mark the antigen for destruction. Killer T cell Response: If the vaccine contains attenuated viruses, the vaccine viruses enter cells. Killer T cells find and destroy the invaded cells. Nave killer T cells require an APC to display an antigen piece before they are activated.
Retention of Memory cells: The goal of immunization is to produce memory of the vaccine antigen via a large population of memory cells. If the real pathogen enters the body in the future, memory cells will recognize it The bodys response will be stronger and faster than if it had never encountered the pathogen.
First Step: Generate Antigen The first step is the generation of the antigen used to induce an immune response. This step includes the growth and harvesting of the pathogen itself or generation of recombinant protein derived from the pathogen. Recombinant proteins can be manufactured in cultures of bacterial cells or yeast. Bacterial pathogens are grown in devices using a growth medium developed to optimize the yield of the antigen while maintaining its integrity. The second step is to release the antigen from the cells and isolate it from the material used in its growth. Proteins and other parts of the growth medium may still be present and must be removed in the next step. The goal of this stage is to release as much virus or bacteria as possible. The third step is the purification of the antigen. For vaccines that are made from recombinant proteins, this may involve chromatography and ultra filtration. The fourth step may be the addition of an adjuvant, which is a material that nonspecifically enhances immune responses. Vaccines may also include stabilizers to prolong shelf-life or preservatives to allow multi-dose vials to be used safely. The final step combines all components that make up the final vaccine and uniformly mixes them in a single vessel. Then the vaccine is filled into vial or syringe packages , sealed with sterile stoppers or plungers, and labeled for widespread distribution.
Live attenuated {weakened} vaccines are designed to produce an infection without symptoms. This generates an immune response similar to natural infection, but without causing illness-and without spreading onward to infect other individuals. These vaccines often confer long-term immunity. Live vaccines can be made for either viruses or bacteria. Inactivated vaccines were among the earliest vaccines to be developed. They generally have fewer side effects than live attenuated vaccines, but tend to evoke a less robust immune response than live vaccines. Inactivated vaccines can be made for viruses or bacteria. For some diseases, a specific protein or carbohydrate that induces a protective immune response is isolated for use in a vaccine. Influenza vaccines, for example, may be made using proteins from the surface of the virus. Pertussis vaccine is an example of this type for bacteria. These type of vaccines are called subunit vaccines.