Visual Testing ( VT )

Penetrant Testing ( PT )

Magnetic Particle Testing ( MPT )

Ultrasonic Testing ( UT )

Radiography Testing ( RT )

Eddy Current Testing ( ECT )

Leak Testing ( LT )

Accoustic Emission Testing ( AET )

Thermal Infra Red ( TIR )

Neutran Radiographic Testing ( NRT )

REQUIREMENTS OF NDT PERSONNEL
QUALIFICATION



SNT TC 1A - Recommended Practice for Non-destructive

Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification.


ASNTCP 189 - ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification

Of Non-destructive Testing Personnel.




ASNT - American Society For Non-destructive Testing Personnel.

ISNT - Indian Society For Non-destructive Testing Personnel.



LEVEL OF QUALIFICATION


Level I - Operator

Level II - Inspector / Interpretor

Level III - Authorise to write a NDT procedure and Training &

Certification of NDT Personnel.

LIQUID PENETRANT TEST ( LPT )


History - Oil & Whiting Method For Rail Road


Principle - Capillary Action of Penetrant
&
Blotting Action of Developer


Application - To detect the discontinuities (e.g. Cracks,
Seams, Laps, Lamination & Porosity etc.) open to the
surface in non porous materials.


Equipment

. Cleaner - Solvent or Water

. Penetrant - Oil base with Dye

. Developer - Chalk powder


Addition of the above Linen cloth, Cotton waste or
absorbent paper for cleaning purpose.

BASIC STEPS INVOLVED IN LPT


.SURFACE PREPARATION / PRE- CLEANING

.PENETRANT APPLICATION

.EXCESS PENETRANT REMOVAL

.DEVELOPER APPLICATION

.DEVELOPING TIME

.EXAMINATION & EVALUATION

.RECORDING

.POST-CLEANING



TECHNIQUES
(Visible or Fluorescent dye)


I) Water Washable

II) Post Emulsification

III) Solvent Removal

Properties of Developer


- Blotting Action

- Contrast Background


Properties of Penetrant

-Wetting ability

-Surface Tension

-Capillary

-High fluidity

-Flash point

-Temperature stability

-Visibility

-Volatility

-Corrosive property

i) Sulfur free - for In base alloy

ii) Halogen free - for Austenitic SS and Ti




TESTING OF PENETRANTS


.Chrome Sensitivity Panel

.Aluminum Comparator Block

.Fluorescence Comparison Test

.Visibility

.Drying Test




LIMITATIONS OF DPT


- Can not give the indication for depth.

- Poor repeatability of test.

- Retest should be done with same type of

penetrant only.

- Not suitable for porous material.

- Not applicable for hidden defects.

LIQUID PENETRANT STANDARDS


ASME SEC-V (ARTICLE - 22)


SE-165-91

Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Inspection Method.


SE-1209-91

Fluorescent Penetrant Examination using water washable
process.

SE-1219-91

Standard Testing Method for Fluorescent Penetrant
Examination using Solvent removable Process

SE-1220-91

Standard Test Method for visible Penetrant
Examination using solvent removable


PRINCIPLE

Uses Electro-Magnetic Waves of very short wave
lengths (X - rays and Gamma Rays) to penetrate
material and the transmitted energy records the
image of discontinuity of the material on the film.



APPLICATIONS

Used on any material, metal & weld to detect
surface of internal detects. Film provides a
permanent record.



LIMITATIONS

High Initial cost and potential safety hazard to
personnel.
SOURCE OF RADIATION

i. Electrically energised equipment. The rays
are called x-rays.
ii. Radioactive material. The emitted rays are
called Gamma Rays.

In x-ray machine the energy level and output can be
varied.

In Gamma Equipment the energy level is constant for a
particular type of source and output is constant for and
individual source.

Higher the energy level, greater is the penetrating
power.



HALF LIFE - Strength of source reduces with the time
and when it becomes half of the actual
strength, its known as half life.

Isotopes Half life

Iridium 192 74 days

Thulium 170 128 days

Cobalt 60 5.3 yrs.

Cesium 137 33 yrs



SENSITIVITY

It is a measure of the ability to detect the
smallest dimension of discontinuity in the
radiograph.

Sensitivity is a function of "Definition" and
"Contrast".


DEFINITION DEPENDS ON

i. Geometric Un-Sharpness
(Penumbra Effect)

ii. Film Grain Size


CONTRAST DEPENDS ON

i. Energy Level
ii. Inherent Contrast of Film
iii. Fog Level of Film
iv. Scatter Radiation.






DENSITY

It is a measure of degree of darkness of film. It is
expressed in 10 Base Log Scale.

DENSITY LIMITS

x-rays - 1.8 to 4.0
Gamma Rays - 2.0 to 4.0


ROENTGEN

It is the amount of ionising radiation which
would produce one Electro static unit of charge in
a cubic centimetre of air at standard
temperature (0
0
c) and pressure (760mm Hg)


CURIE

It is a measure of radioactivity or strength of
source. It is defined as 3.7 x 10
10
Dis-integrations
per second.








RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE


1. SINGLE WALL TECHNIQUE

i. Single Shot Technique.
ii. Panoramic Technique.


2. DOUBLE WALL TECHNIQUE

i. Double Wall Single Image
ii. Double Wall Double Image
iii. Double Wall Superimposed



GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS (Ug)


Ug = f x t
d
where,
f = Focal spot size of source of radiation
t = Thickness of object.
D = Distance between source of radiation
and the object.










Ug Limits as per ASME Section V, Article 2


Thickness Range Maximum Ug

Upto2" Thickness 0.020"
2" to 3 0.030"
3" to 4" 0.040"
4" and above" 0.070"

PENETRAMETER
1. WIRE TYPE
I) ASTM STANDARD
II) DIN STANDARD

2. HOLE TYPE


INDUSTRIAL FILMS

I) SLOW SPEED
II) MEDIUM SPEED
III) HIGH SPEED
RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS

ASME - SECTION - V (ARTICLE - 22)

SE 94
Standard Practice for Radiographic Testing.

SE 186
Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy Walled
(2" to 4 1/2") Steel Castings.

SE 280
Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy Walled
(4 1/2" to 12") Steel Castings.

SE - 446
Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings
up to 2" Thickness

SE 747
Standard Method of Controlling Quality of
Radiographic Testing using wire penetrameter.


SE - 1025
Standard Practice for Hole Type image quality
indicators used for Radiography.

SE 1079
Standard Practice for calibration for Transmission






Magnetism - A part is magnetized when some or all
of the molecules within the parts are aligned.



N S


Random orientation Aligned molecules
of molecules ( Magnetized)
n- Magnetized )



CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIAL

.Diamagnetic - Very difficult to magnetized e.g.
Hg, Au, Zn, Bi

.Paramagnetic - Accept only slight magnetism
e.g. Al, Cu, wood, Pt , Sullphate

.Ferromagnetism Can be magnetized strongly
e.g. Fe, Co, Ni,


MAGNETIC PARTICLE
INSPECTION


PRINCIPLE

Uses electrical current or permanent magnet
to create a magnetic field in a specimen,and
flux leakage occurred at discontinuity.
Magnetic particles cumulate on flux leakage
and indicate the discontinuity.


APPLICATIONS

Used on metal which can be magnetised
(Ferromagnetic) to detect surface or sub-
surface discontinuities. Simple to use and
portable for field testing.


LIMITATIONS

Cannot be used on metals, which cannot be
magnetised.






CLASSIFICATION OF M.P. TEST METHODS


A. CIRCULAR MAGNETIZATION

1. DIRECT INDUCTION

i. HEAD SHOT METHOD
By passing current through the material.

ii. PROD MAGNETIZATION
Where size and location does not permit to
use Head Shot or Central Conductor method.

2. INDIRECT INDUCTION

By placing a current carrying conductor into this
specimen.


B. LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIZATION

1. COIL OR SOLENOID METHOD

When the length of specimen is several times
its diameter or cross section - this method is
used by placing it length wise in the field.

2. YOKE TYPE

It is a horse shoe magnet made by
electrically energising it or by the use of a
permanent magnet.

YOKE TECHNIQUE

i. Direct Current Yoke
ii. Alternate Current Yoke
iii. Permanent Magnet Yoke


MPT METHODS

1. Based on Magnetic Particle type

a) Visible
b) Fluorescent

2. Based on Magnetic Particle Application

a) Dry
b) Wet

CHECKING OF YOKE

LIFTING POWER

i. DC Type & Permanent Min.Weight - 40 Lbs.
( At Max. Pole Spacing )

ii. AC type Min.Weight - 10 Lbs.
(At Max. Pole Spacing )








Eight low carbon steel pie sections,

Furnace brazed together
1 in
.
Non Ferrous handle
of any convenient length

Artificial flaw

(All segment interfaces)

1/32 in. max.
Brazed weld or mechanically attach
Non-ferrous trunnions

Copper Plate
0.010 in. 0.010 in. thick
1/8 in.
ASTM Magnetic Particle Field Indicator
MAGNET PARTICLE STANDARDS
ASME SECTION V (ARTICLE 25)
SE-709
Standard practice for Magnetic Particle
Examination
PRINCIPLE

Uses ultrasound wave to penetrate material, indicating
discontinuities on Oscilloscope Screen.


APPLICATIONS

Used on metals, ceramics, plastics, etc. to detect
surface and internal discontinuities. When automated,
indications are recorded on paper, it provides a
permanent record. Also used for measuring thickness.


LIMITATIONS

Moderately high initial cost. Interpretation of test
results requires highly trained personnel.

TYPE OF ULTRASONIC WAVES

1. LONGITUDINAL (OR COMPRESSION) WAVES

2. TRANSVERSE (OR SHEAR) WAVES

3. SURFACE WAVE

4. PLATE ( LAM B ) WAVES


PROPERTIES OF ULTRASONIC BEAM


1. Travel in a straight line.

2. Reflect and refract from the boundary of different
acoustic media.

3. .Attenuate while passing through a media.

4. The extent of attenuation depends on

- Absorption ( dependent on grain size )

- Diffraction or spreading (dependent on wave
length and probe diameter )

5. Velocity in a media depends on the density &
elastic constants. The values for different
media's are given in the following chart.

TECHNIQUES

1. Contact Testing
2. Immersion testing


DATA PRESENTATION

1. `A' SCAN METHOD

This method is commonly known as Pulse Echo
Method. Time versus Amplitude display shown
on Cathode Ray Tube.

2. `B' SCAN METHOD

This method displays cross sectional view.

3. `C' SCAN METHOD

This method displays plan view and comparable
to radiographic image.


NOTE:-
More than 90 % of total Ultrasonic Examinations are
carried out by "A" Scan Method.


METHODS

.PULSE-ECHO
.THROUGH TRANSMISSION
.RESONANCE

TYPES OF PROBES

I. SINGLE CRYSTAL NORMAL BEAM PROBE.

II. SINGLE CRYSTAL ANGLE BEAM PROBE.

III. TWIN CRYSTAL PROBES.




"DAC" CURVE

Same size of defect or reference reflector at
different distance/depth give's different signal
amplitude because of attenuation of ultrasonic
beam in medium. As such defect Amplitude
correction Curve has to be drawn as shown in fig.





T/2

T/2

SDH 2.4 mm







ULTRASONIC STANDARD

SA - 388
Recommended practice for Ultrasonic testing and
inspection of heavy steel forging.

SA - 435
Standard specification for straight beam ultrasonic
examination of steel plates.

SA - 577
Standard specification of ultrasonic angle beam
examination of steel plates.

SA - 578
Standards specification for straight beam ultrasonic
examination of plain and clad steel plates of special
application.

SA - 609
Standard specification for longitudinal ultrasonic
inspection of carbon and low alloy steel casting.

SA - 745
Standard practice for Ultrasonic examination of austenitic
steel forging.

SE - 213
Standard practice for ultrasonic inspection of metal pipes
and tubes.

SE - 797
Standard practice for thickness measurement by manual
contact ultrasonic method.