Contraception refers to a direct and

positive method of preventing conception

before, during or after the act of sexual
CONTRACEPTION
Direct Method
Contraception is directly willed either as an end of the
means or a mean to attain another end.

it is distinct from indirect act which is not willfully
employed as means or an end of thwarting conception.
Positive Method
By a positive method is meant the means used is
deliberately arbitrary and determinate, and as such, is
not a part of the natural processes of sexual system,
causing frustration of the generative faculty for
conception.
It is not a part of the natural design of the generative
structure. It is different from the negative method or
means in which there is nothing that is arbitrarily done to
supress the generative power or faculty so that the
process goes on as naturally designed.
Different methods of
Contraception
The Pill

Two kinds of Pill

The Combined Pill. This contains two female hormones. 1)
estrogen and 2) progestin.

The Mini-Pill. This contains only the progestin which is taken
continuously.
Mode of Action
The pill suppresses ovulation, the process by which the ovum is
produced

It thickens the cervical mucus flug making it not capable of being
penetrated by the sperm.

It alters the endometreum so that the uterus becmes not receptive
or inhospitable to the fertilized egg. In which case, the pill
prevents implantation and can be constructed as abortificient.
Abortificient refers to that which is used at early gestational age uon
fertilization directed towards termination of pregnancy.
Potential Side Effects
Nausea and vomiting, headache, and weight gain or loss
Hypertension and impaired vision
Increased risk of stroke or hearth attack
Possible link to cancer of reproductive organs and of the
breast
Increased risk of gall bladder disease and liver tumors
Difficulty in conceiving after its use is discontinued
Reduced blood levels of essential vitamins
Development of depressive personally changes
Norplant
Two kinds of Norplant
Norplant is a series of six rubber rods or capsules
that are implanted under the skin in the inside portion of a
womans upper arm. The contraceptive can last for five
years.

Norplant 2 differs in the number and size of the rods
whose contraceptive effects can last even for five years.
Mode of action
Its suppresses ovulation in only about 50 percent of
cycles. Progestin causes thickening of the cervical
mucus making it difficult for the sperm to go through.

It may also include early abortion. It alters the lining of
the uterus barring the fertilized egg from implanting
itself.
Potential side effect
Severe abdominal pain
Prolonged or heavy vaginal bleeding or amenorrhea as
experienced by more than two-thirds of all users
Arm pain and infection, migraine, headache or blurred
vission
Changes in lipid metabolism
Ovarian cysts ( experienced by one in ten users )
Hypertension, increased risk of heart attack and
nervouseness
Hair loss, liver tumors and gall bladder disease
Contraceptives Injections
Depo-provera ( Medroxy-progesterone acetate )
commonly known as couples choice, injected every
three to six months.
Mode of action
It prevents pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation.

It prevents implantation since the normal functioning of
endometrium is altered. Hence, it has an abortificient action.
Potential side effects
Major Disturbance of menstrual pattern
prolonged and unpredictable delay in the occurrence
of fertility period
Mild detorioration of carbohydrates tolerance
decrease in breast milk production
Depression and decrease libido
If the first and/ or second injections are received by a
mother before she knows that she is pregnant, then fetal
abnormalities may develop.
Condom
a condom is thin rubber or latex sheath worn over an erect
penis before the intercourse takes place. It stored in a cool,
dry place in order to prevent the detorioration of rubber. It
also has limited shel life as it may corrode over some time.
Mode of action
it traps the ejaculated sperm at the tip thereby
preventing it from coursing through the vaginal canal
towards the fallopian tube where the ovum is.
Potential side effects
Effective only 84 to 85 percent of the time, et best
(chance of pregnancy over one year of use is one in six).
Pregnancy rate of 18.4 percent aqmong women less
than eighteen years of age; among unmarried minority
women, the failure rate of condom use is even higher-
some 36 percent.
It may not be as effective as it is believed to be
preventive of HIV-AIDS transmission. Human
immunodeficiency virus is 500 times smaller than human
spermatosson. Since condoms fail from 12 to44 percent
of the time in prevention of AIDS virus transmission.
Intra-uterine Device (I.U.D.)
Intra-uterine device (IUD) is a plastic device placed in the
uterus through the cervical canal which may contain
trace metals or hormones to increase efficacy.
Mode of Action
Its mode of action is quite uncertain. However, it seems to
serve as abortificient by preventing implantation.

It may also interfere with tubal function and prevent the
passage of ovum or sperms favoring the development of
ectopic pregnancy
Potential side effects
It may create chronic inflammation of the endometrium
Occasional perforation of uterus or cervix requirering
surgery
Pelvic inflammation that can cause the sterility
Anemia due to excessive menstrual bleeding
Embedding, migration, or fragmentation of the IUD
Spotting or prolongation of menstrual flow
Presence of actinomyces in pap smears of 90 percent of
users. Infection of reproductive organ caused by actinomyces
may be rare; but it is typically found in long-term IUD users.
Spermicides
Spermicides are available in many forms including
creams, jellies, suppositories, aerosol foam, and foam
tablets.
Mode of action
Spermicides form a chemical barrier at theopening to
the uterus that prevents the sperm from reaching the egg.

They also damage and even destroy sperm cells.
Potential side effects
If ever human sperm survives to unite with the ovum
and conception occurs, greater incidence of congenital
disorders among children conceived during the use of
spermicides includes Down Syndrome, limb reduction
malformation, malignant neoplasm (cancerous tissue
growths), and severe hypospadias
Increased chance of vaginal infections because the
absirption of spermicides alters vaginas normal
chemical environment.
Diaphragm
A diaphrgm is a flexible metal ring covered with rubber in
the shape os shallow dome.