Atomic structure

Atomic Structure

The structure of the atom
ELECTRON
negative, mass
nearly nothing
PROTON
positive, same
mass as
neutron (1)
NEUTRON
neutral, same
mass as
proton (1)
The Ancient Greeks used to believe that
everything was made up of very small particles. I
did some experiments in 1808 that proved this
and called these particles ATOMS:
Dalton
The Atom
Nucleus
Electron
Shell or Orbit
The Atom Hydrogen
Proton
Electron
Hydrogen has one proton, one electron and NO neutrons
The Atom Helium
Electron
Proton
Neutron
Helium has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons
Mass and atomic number
Particle Relative Mass Relative Charge
Proton 1 1
Neutron 1 0
Electron 0 -1
MASS NUMBER = number of
protons + number of neutrons
SYMBOL
PROTON NUMBER = number of
protons (obviously)
The Atom Helium
Electron
Proton
Neutron
Helium has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons
The Atom Lithium
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
The Atom Beryllium
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Beryllium has four electrons, four protons and five neutrons.
The Atom Boron
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Boron has five electrons, five protons and six neutrons.
The Atom Carbon
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Carbon has six electrons, six protons and six neutrons.
The Atom Nitrogen
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Nitrogen has seven electrons, seven protons and seven neutrons.
The Atom Oxygen
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Oxygen has eight electrons, eight protons and eight neutrons.
The Atom Fluorine
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Fluorine has nine electrons, nine protons and ten neutrons.
The Atom Neon
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Neon has ten electrons, ten protons and ten neutrons.
The Atom Sodium
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Sodium has eleven electrons, eleven protons and twelve neutrons.
How many protons, neutrons and electrons?
Mendeleev
Periodic table
The periodic table arranges all the elements
in groups according to their properties.
Horizontal rows are called PERIODS
Vertical
columns are
called GROUPS
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na
M
g
Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Fe Ni
C
u
Zn Br Kr
Ag I Xe
Pt
A
u
H
g
The Periodic Table
Fact 1: Elements in the same group have the
same number of electrons in the outer shell (this
correspond to their group number)
E.g. all group 1 metals
have __ electron in
their outer shell
These elements
have __ electrons
in their outer shell
These elements have
__ electrons in their
outer shells
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na
M
g
Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Fe Ni
C
u
Zn Br Kr
Ag I Xe
Pt
A
u
H
g
The Periodic Table
Fact 2: As you move down through the periods an
extra electron shell is added:
E.g. Lithium has 3
electron in the
configuration 2,1
Potassium has 19
electrons in the
configuration __,__,__
Sodium has 11
electrons in the
configuration 2,8,1
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na
M
g
Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Fe Ni
C
u
Zn Br Kr
Ag I Xe
Pt
A
u
H
g
The Periodic Table
Fact 3: Most of the elements are metals:
These elements
are metals
This line divides
metals from non-
metals
These elements are
non-metals
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na
M
g
Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Fe Ni
C
u
Zn Br Kr
Ag I Xe
Pt
A
u
H
g
The Periodic Table
Fact 4: (Most important) All of the elements in
the same group have similar PROPERTIES. This
is how I thought of the periodic table in the first
place. This is called PERIODICITY.
E.g. consider the group 1 metals. They all:
1) Are soft
2) Can be easily cut with a knife
3) React with water
Group 1 The alkali metals
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Fr
Group 1 The alkali metals
1) These metals all have ___
electron in their outer shell
Some facts
2) Reactivity increases as you go _______ the group. This is
because the electrons are further away from the _______
every time a _____ is added, so they are given up more easily.
3) They all react with water to form an alkali (hence their
name) and __________, e.g:
Words down, one, shell, hydrogen, nucleus
Potassium + water potassium hydroxide + hydrogen
2K
(s)
+ 2H
2
O
(l)
2KOH
(aq)
+ H
2(g)
Group 0 The Noble gases
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
Group 0 The Noble gases
Some facts
1) All of the noble gases have
a full outer shell, so they are
very _____________
2) They all have low melting and boiling points
3) They exist as single atoms rather then diatomic molecules
4) Helium is lighter then air and is used in balloons
and airships (as well as for talking in a silly voice)
5) Argon is used in light bulbs
(because it is so unreactive)
and argon , krypton and neon
are used in fancy lights
Group 7 The halogens
F
Cl
Br
I
At
Group 7 The Halogens
Some facts
1) Reactivity DECREASES
as you go down the group
D
e
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

r
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y

(This is because the electrons are further away from the
nucleus and so any extra electrons arent attracted as much).
2) They exist as
diatomic molecules (so
that they both have a
full outer shell):
Cl
Cl
3) Because of this fluorine and chlorine are liquid at room
temperature and bromine is a gas
The halogens some reactions
1) Halogen + metal:
Na
+
Cl
-
Na
Cl +
2) Halogen + non-metal:
H
Cl
+
Cl
H
Halogen + metal ionic salt
Halogen + non-metal covalent molecule
How shells fill
The first electron shell can only hold a
maximum of two electrons.
The second electron shell can hold a
maximum of eight electrons.
The third electron shell can also hold a
maximum of eight electrons.
The fourth electron shell can also hold eight
electrons.
Electron structure
Consider an atom of Potassium:
Potassium has 19 electrons.
These are arranged in shells
Nucleus
The inner shell has __ electrons
The next shell has __ electrons
The next shell has __ electrons
The next shell has the remaining __ electron
Electron structure
= 2,8,8,1
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Hydrogen
H
1 electron 0 electron 0 electron 0 electron
Helium
He
2 electron 0 electron 0 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Lithium
Li
2 electron 1 electron 0 electron 0 electron
Beryllium
Be
2 electron 2 electron 0 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Boron
B
2 electron 3 electron 0 electron 0 electron
Carbon
C

2 electron 4 electron 0 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Nitrogen
N

2 electron 5 electron 0 electron 0 electron
Oxygen
O

2 electron 6 electron 0 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Fluorine
F

2 electron 7 electron 0 electron 0 electron
Neon
Ne

2 electron 8 electron 0 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Sodium
Na
2 electron 8 electron 1 electron 0 electron
Magnesium
Mg

2 electron 8 electron 2 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Aluminium
Al
2 electron 8 electron 3 electron 0 electron
Silicon
Si

2 electron 8 electron 4 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Phosphorus
P
2 electron 8 electron 5 electron 0 electron
Sulphur
S

2 electron 8 electron 6 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Chlorine
Cl
2 electron 8 electron 7 electron 0 electron
Argon
Ar

2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Potassium

2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 1 electron
Calcium
Ca

2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 2 electron
The First Twenty Elements
Hydrogen 1,0,0,0
Helium 2,0,0,0
Lithium 2,1,0,0
Beryllium 2,2,0,0
Boron 2,3,0,0
Carbon 2,4,0,0
Nitrogen 2,5,0,0
First 20 Elements continued
Oxygen 2,6,0,0
Fluorine 2,7,0,0
Neon 2,8,0,0
Sodium 2,8,1,0
Magnesium 2,8,2,0
Aluminium 2,8,3,0
Silicon 2,8,4,0
First 20 Elements continued
Phosphorus 2,8,5,0
Sulphur 2,8,6,0
Chlorine 2,8,7,0
Argon 2,8,8,0
Potassium 2,8,8,1
Calcium 2,8,8,2
The Alkali metals
Lithium, Sodium and Potassium have one
electron in their outer shell and this is why
they are found in group one of the periodic
table.
The Nobel gases
The Nobel gases have full outer shells and
they are found in group 0 of the periodic
table. Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton,
Xenon and Radon.
The Halogens
Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine are
the Halogens and they all have seven
electrons in their outer shell. This is why
they are found in group 7 of the periodic
table.
Displacement
Fluorine can displace Chlorine, Bromine
and Iodine.
F Cl Br I
Displacement
Chlorine can displace Bromine and Iodine
but it cannot displace Fluorine

Cl Br I F
Displacement
Bromine can displace Iodine but it cannot
displace Fluorine or Chlorine

Br I F Cl
Displacement
Iodine cannot displace Iodine Fluorine,
Chlorine or Bromine

I F Cl Br
Fluorine reacts with sodium
chloride. Which equation is
correctly shows this reaction?
F
2
+ 2Na 2NaF
F + Na NaF
2F + 2Na 2NaF
Which will displace?
2NaF + Cl
2
Yes or No
2NaBr + Cl
2
Yes or No
2KI + I
2
Yes or No
2LiCl + I
2
Yes or No
2NaBr + I
2
Yes or No
2NaBr + F
2
Yes or No
Cl
2
+ 2NaBr Yes or No


Four factors affecting
Reaction Rate


Catalysts


Temperature


Concentration


Surface Area
Catalyst
A catalyst speeds up or slows
down a reaction but does not get
used up by the reaction.
Temperature
If we increase the temperature of a
reaction by 10
0
C the rate will
double this means the reaction will
be complete in half the time.
Concentration
If we increase the concentration of
a reactant the number of particles
increase that in turn increases the
chance of a collision and initiates a
chemical reaction.
Surface area
The larger the particle size the
smaller the relative area the slower
the reaction.
The smaller the particle size the
greater the relative surface area and
the faster the reaction.
Group 1
Lithium, sodium and potassium are all in
group 1.
They all have one electron in the outer shell.
They are all metals.
They react with group 7 to form metal
halides.
Group 7
Fluorine ,Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine.
They all have 7 electrons in their outer
shell.
They are all coloured.
They form metal halides with group 1
metals.

Group 0
These are the noble gases.
They have complete electron shells.
The electron shells are full.
They are unreactive.
They are inert.
They do not react.
They include, Helium, Neon, Argon,
Krypton, Xenon and Radon
Halogens
Name
Fluorine
Colour
Pale
Yellow
State
Gas
M.P.
-220
B.P.
-188
Chlorine Green Gas -101 -34
Bromine Brown Liquid -7 59
Iodine Slate
grey
Solid 114 184
Reactions
Sodium and Chlorine react to form
Sodium Chloride.
Iron and Chlorine react to form
Iron Chloride.
2Na + Cl
2
2NaCl.
Fe + Cl
2
FeCl
2
.
Uses of the Halogens
Fluorine is put into water supplies to kill
harmful bacteria and to help keep teeth
healthy.
Chlorine is used in swimming pools to
bacteria in the water.
Bromine is used in pesticides. Silver
bromide is used in photography.
Iodine is an antiseptic on cuts and grazes.