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Chapter 17
Stainless Steels
Identification of Stainless Steels
Stainless Steel Manufacturing
Corrosion Resistance
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
There are five families of wrought stainless steels,
which include martensitic, ferritic, austenitic,
precipitation-hardening, and duplex stainless steels.
Cast stainless steels exhibit various types of
metallurgical structures and are classified as a sixth
family.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
Several organizations
produce designations
for stainless steels.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
With >12% Cr addition,
the austenite phase field
becomes an island,
forming a gamma loop
on the phase diagram.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
The base composition
contains 18% Cr
because greater or lesser
amounts of chromium
require more nickel to
ensure a completely
austenitic structure at
room temperature.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
Ferritizers, austenitizers, and carbide formers are
added to stainless steels for their effects on properties.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
To predict the metallurgical
structure from the
composition, the CrE is
plotted against the NiE on
the Schaeffler diagram.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
The basic
martensitic
stainless steel is
type 410 (S41000),
and it is closely
related to other
martensitic
stainless steel
family members.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
High-carbon martensitic
stainless steels contain
>0.15% C, which
expands the gamma loop
to allow chromium
additions up to 18%.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
The base composition of the ferritic stainless steels is
type 430 (S43000) and is closely related to other
members of the ferritic stainless steel family.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
Sigma phase
embrittlement occurs
during prolonged
heating in the range
540C to 760C
(1000F to 1400F).
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
The basic austenitic
stainless steel alloy is
type 302 (S30200), and
the majority of the grades
belong to the 300 series.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
Type 301 is the most work
hardenable of the low-
nickel austenitic stainless
steels and is used
extensively in sheet form
for structural applications.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
The stress relieving
procedure must be
carefully selected to
achieve the required
result without
compromising other
properties.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
When heated into the sensitization temperature
range, carbon and chromium combine to form
discrete precipitates of chromium carbide.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
Austenitic stainless steels
are the strongest of all
stainless steels used in
services above 540C
(1000F). Depending on
the operating stress, they
are used from 760C to
870C (1400F to 1600F).
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
Most precipitation-hardening stainless steels are
designated by the AISI 600 series, but they are better
known by trade designations.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
Most duplex stainless steels
contain approximately 70% Fe,
20% Cr to 25% Cr, 4% Ni to
7% Ni, and 2% Mo to 4% Mo.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
The room temperature
microstructure of the
duplex stainless steels
contains approximately
equal amounts of ferrite
and austenite.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
Corrosion-resistant castings
are designated by the
uppercase letter C followed by
a letter that indicates the
approximate alloy content.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
The Schaeffler diagram
indicates the amount of
ferrite in austenitic castings.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
Heat-resistant castings are
designated with the
uppercase letter H followed
by a letter that indicates the
approximate alloy content.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
Many welding filler
metals are produced
for welding the various
stainless steels.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
The preheat
temperatures for
martensitic
stainless steels are
dictated by the
carbon content.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
The correct geometry must
be used on tools for
machining stainless steels.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
Surface finishes for
stainless steels are
designated with a number
that indicates the degree
of surface roughness.
Chapter 17 Stainless Steels
Chloride stress-corrosion
cracking can occur at
tube-tubesheet joints in
heat exchangers or under
thermal insulation, or in
any location where the
chloride ion concentrates
under the right
temperature conditions.