POWER AND

POWER FACTOR
Impedance (Ohm)
Impedance is a ratio between voltage and
current
Unit of impendance is Ohm and simbolized by Z
C j
Z
L j Z
R Z
C
L
R

Series Impedance
Pararel Impedance
The Operation is same with Resistant
Resistance



The angle between current and voltage are in
phase
R
V
I
R
0
0

Inductance
0
Inductive Reactance (Ohm)
Current flow in pure inductance :
0 0 0
90
90
L
L
L
X j L
V V V V
I
X j L L L

Capacitance
0
1
Capacitive Reactance (Ohm)
Current flow in pure capacitance :
0 0
90
1/
C
L
C
X
j C
V V
I CV
X j C

Phasor Diagram for Impedance
and Current-Voltage Relationship
R
XL
Xc
Z = R + Xtot
IR
IL
IC
V
I = IR + (IC+IL)
Resitive-Inductive Load
Load Vs
i
R
XL
Xc
Z = R + Xl

0 ( )
( )
eq L
Voltage V assume
impedance Z R X Z


Current Flow ..
IR
IL
IC
V
I = IR + IL





Z
V
Z
V
I
0
EXAMPLE !!!
Power
There are three component of Power :
1. S = Complex Power (VA)
S = V.I*
2. P = Real/Active Power (Watt)
P = V x I* x PF (cos phi)

3. Q = Reactive Power (Var)
Q = V x I* x sin phi
Phasor Diagram for Three Component of
Power Relationship :
R
XL
Xc
Z = R + Xtot
P (watt)
QL(VAr)
QC(VAr)
(S = P + Q)
Resitive-Inductive Load
Beban Vs
i
dari data diatas diketahui :
Tegangan = V
Impedansi = Z = = XL R
=
Z
XL R
Phasor Diagram
P(Watt)
QL (VAr)
Qc(VAr)
S = P + QL

Power Factor (PF) is ratio between Real Power (P) to
Complex Power (S)
Pinalty PLN (Electrical Company)
Cos = 0,85
The angle () = 31,7
o

Perhitungan hubungan faktor daya 0,85 (Pinalti PLN)
dengan biaya kVArh adalah sebagai berikut :
P (kW)
S (kVA)
Q (kVAr)
Cos = 0,85
2 2
Q
P

S
P
cos
P

Jika cos = 0,85
Maka Q = 0,6197 P
Artinya Jumlah maksimum kVArh adalah 0,6197 besar kWh
Jika Jumlah kVArh lebih dari 0,6197 kWh,
Maka kelebihan kVArh harus dibayar oleh konsumen
Example --- Electrical Bill :

If sum of our total energy (kWh) consume
(LWBP + WBP) are 1000 kWh, so the totals
kVArh permitted :

0,6197 x 1000 = 619,7 kVArh
Impact of Power Factor
Lower Power Factor cause negative
impact, there are :
Increase Line Losses (I
2
R).
Decrease system efficiency.
Increase abondement cost
Increase Electrical Bill (cost) --- if get pinalty
Need to increase the capacity of equipment
(Trafo) --- increase investation cost

Example of Impact lower PF
Decrease Maximum Capacity Load

Contoh
Power Contract (VA) = 1000 VA
a) Lamp 100 Watt, PF = 0,5
b) Lamp 100 Watt, PF= 1

Number of lamps a) can be install is :
S (VA) lamp a) = 100 W/ 0,5 = 200 VA
Number of lamps = Langganan VA / S
Number of lamps = 1000 VA / 200 VA = 5 lamps

Number of lamps b) can be install is
S (VA) lamp b) = 100 W/ 1 = 100 VA
Number of lamps = Langganan VA / S
Number of lamps = 1000 VA / 100 VA = 10 lamps

Equipment to Increase Power Factor is

Capasitor Bank/Power Factor Correction

Capacitor Instalation Circuit
Beban Vs
i
Kapasitor
Bank
P(Watt)
Qc(VAr)
S (VA) last
last
last
QL(VAr)
S new
Example
P = 3 kW
PF = 0,6
Vs
i
kVAr kVA S Q
kVA
kW P
S
arc
PF
kW P
4 8 , 0 . 5 53 sin
5
6 , 0
3
cos
53 6 , 0 cos .
6 , 0 cos
3

4 kVAr
3 kW
5 kVA
53
contd
If PF need to become 0,95
3 kW
3,16 kVA
2 , 18
0,98 kVAr
kVAr x S Q
kVA
kW P
S
arc
PF
kW P
b
b
b
b
98 , 0 312 , 0 16 , 3 2 , 18 sin
16 , 3
95 , 0
3
cos
2 , 18 95 , 0 cos .
95 , 0 cos
3

4 kVAr
3 kW
3,16 kVA
2 , 18
0,98 kVAr
5 kVA
QL
QC
kVAr Qc
Q Q Qc
B L
02 , 3 98 , 0 4