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Monroe L.

Weber-Shirk
School of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
Pipeline systems
Pipeline systems
Pipe networks
contain pipe loops or parallel
pipes
can have multiple
and
multiple paths for water to get between any two points
Manifolds and diffusers
single source
multiple sinks along a single pipe (the manifold)
sources
sinks

Manifolds
Examples
sprinkler irrigation system
wastewater discharge (multiport diffuser)
Design objectives
distribute a given discharge through
multiple ports
choose pipe size given constraints of head loss,
flow distribution, and cost
uniformly
Multiport Diffuser
Objectives
Minimize detrimental
effects of the discharge
on the environment
Maximize initial
Meet regulatory
requirements
Pollutants
treated wastewater

Cooling water from
power plant

Sites
Rivers, Lakes,
Oceans

dilution
BOD, N, P, metals
Heat
Multiport Diffuser
energy grade line
hydraulic grade line
z = 0
?
Representation of EGL and HGL for
multiport diffuser. Does it make sense?
What happens to HGL across the ports?
Remember Venturi
Multiport Diffuser:
Flow Calculations
We will derive equations in terms of __________ ____
because pressure controls the port flow
Port flow
based on ______ equation
head loss through port (possibly including a riser)
Piezometric head change (AH) across port
flow expansion
Piezometric head change (A H) between ports
Darcy-Weisbach and Swamee-Jain
energy
In diffuser
piezometric head
p
z
g
+
Port types
Nozzle riser
diffuser can be buried
nozzle can give direction to
discharge
Port cast in wall of diffuser pipe
cant be used if diffuser pipe is
buried
generally not recommended
The Problem
Given a desired discharge
Calculate the head (pressure) required
Calculate the flow from each port
Develop a strategy to solve this problem
A Simple Solution
Constant pressure in the diffuser pipe
Each port is like an orifice
Strategy
The diffuser has many ports. If we can develop
equations describing pressures and flows at one
port we can then apply it to all of the ports.
We need equations describing
Flow from a port as a function of pressure in the
diffuser
Head loss (and pressure drop) in the diffuser
Flow in the diffuser
Port Flow

H =
p

+ z

V
r
riser
port
diffuser pipe

V
d
L
p
p
a
d
h
g
V
H
g
V
H + + = +
2 2
2
2
L
p
p
p
a
a
a
h
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
+ + + = + +
2 2
2
2


H
d
=
V
p
2
2g
+ h
L
piezometric head
z = 0 at water surface
a
V
p
V

p
0
p a
V V <<
Control volume?
Riser Head Loss
g
V
K h
r
el el
2
2
=

h
riser
= f
L
r
D
r
V
r
2
2g

V
r
D
r
2
= V
p
D
p
2

V
r
2
= V
p
2
D
p
D
r
|
\

|
.
|
4
continuity

V
p

h
L
= h
entrance
+ h
riser
+ h
elbow
+ h
contraction

h
L
= K
en
+ f
L
r
D
r
+ K
el
|
\

|
.
|
V
r
2
2g
+ K
c
V
p
2
2g
g
V
K
D
D
K
D
L
f K h
p
c
r
p
el
r
r
en L
2
2
4
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

h
c
= K
c
V
p
2
2g
g
V
K h
r
en en
2
2
=

p
Riser Head Loss Coefficient

H
d
= K
r
V
p
2
2g
|
\

|
.
|
r
d
p
K
gH
V
2
=
(riser loss coefficient)
Note that the riser
coefficient is a function
of ________ number.
Port velocity (or flow) given
piezometric head in diffuser
and a riser loss coefficient
r
d p
p
K
gH D
Q
2
4
2
t
=

H
d
=
V
p
2
2g
+ h
L
g
V
K
D
D
K
D
L
f K H
p
c
r
p
el
r
r
en d
2
1
2
4
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =

K
r
= 1+ K
en
+ f
L
r
D
r
+ K
el
|
\

|
.
|
D
p
D
r
|
\

|
.
|
4
+ K
c
Reynolds
Orifice equation!
Head Loss across Port
_________
applied over
entire cross
section
___________
transferred
over smaller
area
Flow ____________
Same equation applies
as derived previously
The velocities
upstream and
downstream from the
port are determined
from continuity
( )
2
1
2
i
i i
L
V V
h
g
+
-
=
1 2
separation
V
i
V
i+1
Pressure Momentum
expansion
HGL in Diffuser across Port
Head loss occurs between
section 1 and section 2
some distance downstream
(~5 times the diameter of
the diffuser)
We will treat this head loss
as if it all occurred
immediately after the port
Although there is head loss
past the port the pressure
(HGL) will __________
(proof coming up)

h
L
i
=
V
i
V
i +1
( )
2
2g
AH from
pressure
recovery
EGL
HGL
1 2
V
i
V
i+1
increase
HGL in Diffuser across Port
i i
L
i i
i i
h
g
V
g
V
H H H = = A
+
+
2 2
2
1
2
1 expansion
( )
g
V V V
H
i i i 1 1
expansion
i
+ +

= A
________ equation using
definition of piezometric head
pressure increase across abrupt expansion
( )
g
V V
g
V
g
V
H
i i i i
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
2
expansion
i
+ +

= A

h
L
i
=
V
i
V
i +1
( )
2
2g
L
i
i
i
i
h
g
V
H
g
V
H + + = +
+
+
2 2
2
1
1
2
energy
1 +
>
i i
V V
HGL in Diffuser across Port

V
i
V
i+1
=
Q
p
i
A
d
( )
g
V V V
H
i i i
i
1 1
expansion
+ +

= A
d
p i
gA
Q V
H
i
i
1
expansion
+
= A

V
i +1
= V
i

Q
p
i
A
d
continuity
How can we find velocity downstream
of port i? ___________
1 +
+ =
i p i
Q Q Q
i
Now we have the velocity
downstream of the next port
And we can calculate the increase
in HGL across the port
HGL between Ports
HGL is parallel to EGL so AH = AE
between diffusers
AE = -h
f
and is due to friction loss (major
losses)
2
9 . 0
Re
74 . 5
7 . 3
log
25 . 0
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
D
f
c

Re =
VD
v

h
f
= f
L
D
V
2
2g
Multiport Diffuser: Solution
The diffuser number, spacing, and jet velocity would be
determined in part by the mixing required in the ambient
water (Environmental Fluid Mechanics)
Available head and total flow would be determined by the
water source hydraulics
A criteria may also be established for uniformity of flow
from the ports
Alternate design criteria may dictate different solution
methods
Multiport Diffuser: Solution
Given total discharge, pipe
diameter, port size...
Calculate the piezometric
head (measured from the
water surface) required to
give the necessary discharge
in the first port
loss coefficient for port
head required to get
desired flow from port
r
d p
p
K
gH D
Q
2
4
2
t
=

H
d
=
K
r
2g
4Q
p
tD
p
2
|
\

|
.
|
2

K
r
= 1+ K
en
+ f
L
r
D
r
+ K
el
|
\

|
.
|
D
p
D
r
|
\

|
.
|
4
+ K
c
Multiport Diffuser: Solution
Starting with the first port and
proceeding to the last port ...
Calculate the discharge from port i
Calculate velocity change in
diffuser past port i
Calculate the piezometric head
increase across port i
Calculate the piezometric head
decrease between ports i and i+1
Calculate the piezometric head at
port i+1
d
p i
gA
Q V
H
i
i
1
expansion
+
= A

V
i +1
= V
i

Q
p
i
A
d

AH
pipe
= f
L
D
d
V
i+1
2
2g
i i i i
pipe d d
H H H H A + A + =
+
expansion
1
r
d p
p
K
gH D
Q
i
i
2
4
2
t
=
Multiport Diffuser: Solution
V
i
r
d p
p
K
gH D
Q
i
i
2
4
2
t
=

V
i +1
= V
i

Q
p
i
A
d
HGL
1
5
g
V
D
L
f H
i
d
pipe
2
2
1 +
= A
3
2
4
(_________ in pressure)
(__________ in pressure)
i
d
H
d
p i
gA
Q V
H
i
i
1
expansion
+
= A
i i i i
pipe d d
H H H H A + A + =
+
expansion
1
Known from previous step
increase
decrease
Multiport Diffuser: Solution
Calculate the total discharge from the ports
Compare with design discharge
Adjust the _________ ____ at first port to give design
discharge (use goal seeking, solver, or trial and error on
spreadsheet). Alternately, set velocity past last port = 0
by changing piezometric head at first port.
It may be necessary to adjust diffuser or port diameter.
It will likely be possible to decrease the size of the
diffuser pipe as the flow decreases. This may also help
increase the discharge uniformity of the ports.
piezometric head
Multiport Diffuser: Solution
total flow (Q) 2.5
port velocity (Vp) 3
port diameter (Dp) 0.230
port area (Ap) 0.04
number of ports 20
port flow (Qp) 0.13
terminal piezometric head (H) 0.8
distance between ports (L) 4
pipe roughness ( ) 0
diffuser diameter (Dd) 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 20 40 60 80
distance along diffuser (m)
(
m
)
EGL
HGL
SI units
Multiport Diffuser: Solution
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0 20 40 60 80
distance along diffuser (m)
(
m
)
EGL
HGL
total flow (Q) 2.5
port velocity (Vp) 3
port diameter (Dp) 0.230
port area (Ap) 0.04
number of ports 20
port flow (Qp) 0.13
terminal piezometric head (H) 1.2
distance between ports (L) 4
pipe roughness ( ) 0
diffuser diameter (Dd) 0.63
SI units
Design Guidelines
The port discharge velocity should be _______ to achieve
good mixing with the ambient water.
The sum of all port areas must be less than the diffuser pipe
area. The best area ratio (port area/diffuser area) is usually
between 1/3 and 2/3.
The effects of pipe friction and pressure recovery will tend
to cancel when
L
d
is the total length of the diffuser pipe and the friction factor, f, is
obtained by iteration since it is a function of the pipe diameter.
If the diffuser area obtained using this method is less than 1.5 x
port area then this design criteria can not be used.
3
d
d
fL
D =
~3 m/s
Multiport Diffuser:
Thought Experiments
What happens to the uniformity of flow rates from
the ports as the size of the diffuser pipe decreases?
(Assume the pressure in the feeder pipe is varied
to maintain constant flow while the port size
remains the same.) ______________
What happens to the uniformity of flow rates from
the ports as the size of the ports decreases?
______________
If the goal is uniform flow distribution why not
use very small ports? ____________________
Which port will have the highest flow rate?
_____________
First or last!
Energy requirements
More Uniform
Less Uniform
Diffuser Homework
Hometown WWTP
300 m 95 m
20 ports
Wastewater Diffuser in Cayuga
Lake
Installation of Wastewater outfall diffuser in Cayuga Lake

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