Controlled Sources With

Op Amp
Voltage Controlled Voltage Source
(VCVS)
I I O
kv v
R
R
v = =
1
2
I O
kv v =
VCVS (Voltage Amplifier)
Inverting Configuration Example
+
_
R
L
+
-
v
in
+
_
R
1
i
1
R
F i
F
Given: v
in
= 0.6 V, R
F
= 20 kO
R
1
= 2 kO , A
OL
= 400k
R
in
= 8 M O , R
o
= 60 O
Find: v
o
, i
F
, A
v
v
O
Solution:
v
o
= -i
F
R
F
= -v
in
R
F
/R
1
= -(0.6*20,000)/2000 = 12 V
i
F
= i
1
= v
in
/R
1
= 1 / 2000 = 0.5 mA
A
v
= R
F
/R
1
= 20,000 / 2000 = 10
VCVS (Voltage Amplifier) Summary
Inverting Configuration
+
_
R
L
v
O
+
-
v
in
+
_
R
1 i
1
R
F i
F
The same
assumptions used to
find the equations for
the noninverting
configuration are
also used for the
inverting
configuration.
General Equations:
i
1
= v
in
/R
1

i
F
= i
1

v
o
= -i
F
R
F
= -v
in
R
F
/R
1
A
v
= R
F
/R
1


VCVS (Voltage Amplifier) Summary
Noninverting Configuration
+
_
v
in
+
+
-
v
O
v
id
i
(+)
i
(-)
i
O
i
F
R
F
R
L
R
1
i
1
v
id
= v
o
/A
OL
Assuming A
OL

v
id
=0
Also, with the
assumption that R
in
=
i
(+)
= i
(-)
= 0
_
v
F
+
_
v
1
+
_
v
L
+
_
i
L
Applying KVL the
following equations
can be found:
v
1
= v
in
v
O
= v
1
+ v
F
= v
in
+ i
F
R
F
This means that,
i
F
= i
1
Therefore: i
F
= v
in
/R
1

Using the equation to the left the output
voltage becomes:
v
o
= v
in
+ v
in
R
F
= v
in
R
F
+ 1
R
1
R
1
VCVS (Voltage Amplifier)
Noninverting Configuration Example
+
_
v
in
+
+
-
v
O
v
id
i
(+)
i
(-)
i
O
i
F
R
F
R
L
R
1
i
1
_
v
F
+
_
v
1
+
_
v
L
+
_
i
L
Given: v
in
= 0.6V, R
F
= 200 kO
R
1
= 2 kO , A
OL
= 400k
R
in
= 8 M O , R
o
= 60 O
Find: v
o
, i
F
, A
v
V V
V
V
A
mA .
R
V
i V V
R
R
V
in
o
v
in
F in
f
o
/ 101
3 0 6 . 60 1
1 1
= =
= = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
I
O
I
i
I I O
kv v
R
I = =
1
1
I O
kv I =
Voltage Controlled Current Source
(VCCS)
Floating Load

R
L
VCCS (Transconductance Amplifier) Summary
Voltage to Current Converter
+
_
Load
i
L
R
1 i
1
v
in
+
_
OR
+
_
Load
i
L
R
1 i
1
v
in
+
_
v
in
+
_
General Equations:
i
L
= i
1
= v
1
/R
1
v
1
= v
in

The transconductance, g
m
= i
o
/v
in
= 1/R
1

Therefore, i
L
= i
1
= v
in
/R
1
= g
m
v
in
The maximum load resistance is determined by:
R
L(max)
= v
o(max)
/i
L
VCCS (Transconductance Amplifier)
Voltage to Current Converter Example
+
_
Load
i
L
R
1 i
1
v
in
+
_
Given: v
in
= 2 V, R
1
= 2 kO
v
o(max)
= 10 V
Find: i
L
, g
m
and R
L(max)
Solution:
i
L
= i
1
= v
in
/R
1
= 2 / 2000 = 1 mA
g
m
= i
o
/v
in
= 1/R
1
= 1 / 2000 = 0.5 mS
R
L(max)
= v
o(max)
/i
L
= 10 V / 1 mA
= 10 k O

Note:
If R
L
> R
L(max)
the op amp
will saturate
The output current, i
L
is
independent of the load
resistance.
CCVS (Transresistance Amplifier) Summary
Current to Voltage Converter
Transresistance Amplifiers are used for low-power
applications to produce an output voltage proportional to
the input current.
Photodiodes and Phototransistors, which are used in the
production of solar power are commonly modeled as
current sources.
Current to Voltage Converters can be used to convert these
current sources to more commonly used voltage sources.
VCCS (Transresistance Amplifier)
Current to Voltage Converter Example
+
_
i
F
i
in
R
F
v
O
+
-
Given: i
in
= 10 mA
R
F
= 200 O
Find: i
F
, v
o
and r
m
Solution:
i
F
= i
in
= 10 mA
v
o
= -i
F
R
F
= 10 mA * 200 O = 2 V
r
m
= v
o
/i
in
= R
F
= 200
Application VCCS : Volt-Meter
(m-volt Range)
Moving Coil Meter
Coil Resistance
R
in
=
I I O
kv v
R
I = =
1
1
Full Scale Deflection depends on R
1
.
I
m
1 2
i I i
o
= +
4 3
R
V V
I
R
V
x o
o
x

= +
1 2
i I i
O
= +
I
O
Grounded Load
V
X
V
X
i
x
i
x
i
1
i
2
2
R i V V
x x o
=
Application VCCS

1 2
i I i
o
= +
i
i
o
x
o
x i
kV
R
V
I
R
R i
I
R
R i
R
V
= = = +
3 4
2
3
1
3
1
R i V V
x i x
=
3
4
1
2
R
R
R
R
=
i o
kV I =
Current controlled Voltage Source
CCVS
Ii
Ii
Floating Load
i i L o
kI I R V = =
Current Source Resistance is In-effective ?????
CCCS(Current Amplifier) Summary
Not commonly done using operational amplifiers
+
_
Load
i
in
i
L
Similar to the voltage
follower shown below:
Both these amplifiers have
unity gain:
A
v
= A
i
= 1
+
_
i
in
= i
L

v
in
= v
o

v
in
+
_ +
-
v
O
Voltage Follower
1 Possible
CCCS
Operational
Amplifier
Application

Current Controlled Current Source :
CCCS
I
o
I
i
I
2
V
x
i i
i
i o
x
i o
i o
kI
R
R
I
R
R I
I I
R
V
I I
I I I
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

=
=
=
2
1
2
1
2
2
1