CoE 111

Module 1
Review on Digital Circuits
Objectives

Review on Digital Logic
Introduction
Digital computers have made possible many
scientific, industrial, and commercial advances
that would have been unattainable otherwise. Our
space program would have been impossible
without real time, continuous computer
monitoring, and many business enterprises
function efficiently only with the aid of automatic
data processing.
Logic Design vs. Computer Design
Logic design deals with the basic
concepts and tools used to design digital
hardware consisting of logic circuits.

Computer design deals with additional
concepts and tools used to design
computers and other complex digital
hardware.
Numerical Representations
Almost all the fields of endeavor are
dealing with quantities.

Quantities are measured, monitored,
recorded, manipulated arithmetically,
observed, and utilized in most physical
systems.

There is a need to represent these
quantities/values efficiently and
accurately.
Ways to represent numerical values
Analog representation represented by
a voltage, current, or meter movement
proportional to the value of that quantity.

Digital representation represented not
by continuously variable indicators but by
symbols called digits.
Analog Examples:
Automobile speedometer
deflection of the needle is proportional to the
speed of the auto.
Mercury thermometer
height of the column of mercury is
proportional to the room temperature.
Audio microphone
output voltage is generated in proportion to
the amplitude of the sound waves that
impinge on the microphone.
Analog AC-powered wall clock
time of the day changes continuously as the
needle reading changes continuously.
Analog Signal Characteristics
Having a continuous range of values and
can be associated with continuous
physical phenomena.

Continuous signal - smooth connected,
an unbroken series of consecutive values
with no instantaneous changes.
+5
V
5
T ime
Digital Example
Digital watch
provides time of the day in the form of digital
digits that represents hours and minutes (and
sometimes seconds).
The watch reading changes in discrete steps of
one per minute (or per second).
Digital signal
Typically has two discrete values (or
states) and are appropriate for any
phenomena involving counting or integer
numbers.

Discrete signal - separated into distinct
segments or pieces, a series of
discontinuous values.
+5
V
5
1 0 1
T ime
Major differences:
Analog and Digital quantities:
Analog continuously variable defined
values
Digital vary only by discrete steps

Analog Digital
Continuously variable Discrete steps
Amplification Switching
Voltages Numbers
Major differences:
Analog and Digital quantities:
No ambiguity in reading the value of a
digital quantity

Value of analog quantity is often open to
interpretation, thus we always round to
a convenient level of precision.
Points to Ponder:
Real life is full of analog signals.
Analog systems: slight error in input,
large error in output.
General purpose computers: digital
Sensors & actuators - interface circuits
are often analog.
Digital systems: more accurate, reliable
and deal better with degraded signals.
Digital signals - easier to process, used as
an approximation to real analog signals.
Points to Ponder:
Binary digital systems - has only two
discrete values that make digital systems
easier to decode.

Two discrete values:
1. High voltage, high current flowing, ON,
TRUE, YES, "1"
2. Low voltage, low current flowing, OFF,
FALSE, NO, "0"
Digital logic levels
Voltage that represents a defined digital
state in an electronic circuit.

Logic LOW (or logic 0)
lower of two voltages (usually 0V) in a digital
system with two logic levels.
Logic HIGH (or logic 1)
higher of two voltages (traditionally 5V, but in
some systems a specific value such as 1.8V,
2.5V or 3.3V) in a digital system with two logic
levels.
Digital logic levels
+5V
+1.8V
+0.8V
0V
Logic HIGH
Logic LOW
Undefined
Digital System
Devices designed to manipulate logical
information or physical quantities that are
represented in digital form.
Most often electronic, but they can also be
mechanical, magnetic, or pneumatic.
Video equipment Digital audio
Calculator
Digital
computer
Analog system
Devices that manipulate physical
quantities that are represented in analog
form.
Speaker
Magnetic tape
recording and
playback
equipment
Advantages of digital techniques
Reproducibility of results
Easier to design
Flexibility and functionality
Programmability
Speed
Economy
Steadily advancing technology
Storage is easy
Limitations of Digital Techniques
The real world is analog most physical
quantities are analog in nature.

Processing digitized signals takes time.
Digital Conversion:
when dealing with analog inputs and
outputs:
Convert the real-world analog inputs to digital
form.
Process (or operate on) the digital
information
Convert the digital outputs back to real-world
analog form.
Block diagram
Measuring
device
Analog-to-
digital
converter
Digital
processing
Analog-to-
digital
converter
Controller
Temperature
(Analog) (Analog) (Digital)
(Digital)
(Analog)
Adjust
temperature
Digital Circuit
Inherently binary in nature, but several
types of representations of numerical data
are in use.

The representation of an unsigned integer
can be done in binary, octal, decimal or
hexadecimal.

For display purposes, each decimal digit is
often represented by a four-bit binary
number in a system called binary coded
decimal (BCD).
Digital Representation