Energy and Heat

Transfer
Thermodynamics 1
Objectives
Comprehend
Forms of energy
Energy conversion
Heat transfer processes
Principles of operation of various heat
exchangers
Boundary layers
References
INE,
Chapter 1, pp. 3-5
Chapter 2, pp. 9-14, 16-28 (22-28)***
PNE,
Chapter 8, pp. 8-1 - 8-14 ***

HW: LG #1

Energy Classification
Mechanical
Stored
Transitional
Thermal
Stored
Transitional
Mechanical Energy
Stored
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Transitional
Work
Power
Thermal Energy
Stored
Internal potential energy
Internal kinetic energy
Transitional
Heat (energy in transition)
BTU as a unit of measurement
Mechanisms of Heat
Transfer
Conduction
Radiation
Convection
Conduction
Heat transfer - Hot Cold
Physical contact between regions
Iron Bar Example
General Conduction
Equation
Q = ktA (T
1
-T
2
)/L
where
Q : Quantity of heat (Btu or cal)
k : Coefficient of thermal
conductivity (Btu/((hr)(F)(ft))
t : Time (hr)
T
1
: Temp at hot end (F)
T
2
: Temp at cold end (F)
L : Distance between the two ends (in)
A : Cross sectional area (sq ft)
Radiation
Heat transfer - Hot Cold
No physical contact between regions
Heat Sink:
Absorbs radiant energy (Dark/Opaque)
Reflects radiant energy (White/Shiny/Polished)
Sun warms the earth
Convection
Combined conduction/radiation
Occurs in liquids and gases
Transfer of thermal energy through a fluid
due to the actual movement of the fluid
Types
Natural
Forced
Natural Convection
Movement caused by differences in fluid
density
Density differences usually caused by
differences in temperature
T

hot

T

hot

Forced Convection
Movement caused by mechanical device
Pump
Fan


Definitions
Sensible Heat
When heat added results in the change in temperature
(changing Temp, 1 phase)
Latent Heat
When the heat added results in a physical change of the
substance (2 phases, constant Temp)
Saturation Temperature/Pressure
Psat/Tsat
The point at which liquid and vapor may exist in
equilibrium contact with each other
Steam Dome
Definitions (cont)
Saturated Liquid/Vapor
A liquid/vapor at a specified pressure which is at
Tsat for the pressure
Subcooled Liquid
A liquid at that specified pressure which is below
the Tsat
Superheated Vapor
A vapor that has been raised above Tsat for a
given pressure
Quality (x) (opposite of moisture (m))
Ratio of saturated vapor to total mass in a saturated
mixture of liquid/vapor (x=1-m)
Definitions (cont)
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Amount of heat necessary to change a mass of
liquid to vapor without changing the temperature
Latent Heat of Fusion
Amount of heat that must be added/removed to a
unit mass to melt/solidify it
Steam Dome
Mollier Diagram
Heat Exchangers
Counter flow
Parallel flow
Cross flow
Single pass
Multi-Pass
Counter Flow

Parallel Flow

Cross Flow
Heat Exchangers
Single pass - One fluid passes the other
fluid only once.
Multi-Pass - One fluid passes the other
more than once via the arrangement of
the tubes, inlet/outlet ports, or by baffles
used to guide a fluid through a specific
path.
Boundary Layers
Boundary Layer - Thin layer of stagnant
fluid adjacent to heat exchanger wall. Poor
at transferring heat.
Boundary Layers (cont)
Effect on heat transfer
Velocity
Turbulent Flow
Scale/Chemical deposits
Soot/Dirt buildup

Summary