HSSEQ Division

First Aid Services Section

BASIC FIRST AID & CPR TRAINING

Outline
First Aid
Aims of First aid
Scene Survey
CPR
Heart attack
Stroke
Common First Aid cases

First Aid
What Is First Aid?
The immediate care given to an injured
or suddenly ill person.



Why learning First Aid?
There are three main aims of first aid:
Preserve(safe) life:
by carrying out emergency first aid procedures (for
example, opening a casualtys airway or performing
cardiopulmonary resuscitation).
Prevent deterioration:
to prevent the casualtys condition from getting worst. For
example ask casualty not to move to prevent movement of
possible fractures.
Promote recovery:
by arranging prompt emergency medical help. In addition,
simple first aid can significantly affect the long-term recovery
of an injury. For example, quickly cooling a burn will reduce
the risk of long term scarring.

Scene Survey (Safety First)
When confronted with an accident or illness any
where, it is important to assess the situation to
determine what kind of emergency situation you
are dealing with, for your safety, the victims safety
and others.
Do a quick survey of the scene that includes
looking for three elements:
Hazards that could be dangerous to you, the victim, or
bystanders.
The cause (mechanism) of the injury or illness.
The number of victims.
Note: This survey should only take a few seconds.

CPR
What is CPR?
C: Cardiac (heart)
P: Pulmonary (lungs)
R: Resuscitation (revive, animation)

Heart
Lungs
When & why we do CPR?
We do CPR when we find someones heart stop
beating which is called cardiac arrest
Cardiac arrest is not the same as a heart attack

Cardiac arrest Heart attack
Cardiac arrest occurs when electrical impulses in
the heart become rapid or chaotic, which causes
the heart to suddenly stop beating.
Heart attack occurs when the blood supply to part
of the heart muscle is blocked

The purpose of CPR is to keep oxygenated blood
flowing around the body to keep the vital organs
alive.
CPR itself will not restart someones heart, it just
keeps them alive until a defibrillator arrives. A
defibrillator is a device which delivers an electrical
shock to the heart to restart it.
(only used by authorized person)

CPR
Adult CPR
Check response
(Tap & shout)
No
Shout for help, call or
send someone to call
998/999
Look for no
breathing or only
gasping
(not more than 10
second)
Placed your hands to
the middle of the chest
- Start chest
compression
- push hard and fast
-Give 30 compression
Open the airway and
give 2 breaths
Correct body position to perform CPR (Adult)

1. Kneeling beside the persons
upper chest, placing your hands in
the correct position.

2. Keep your arms and elbows as
straight as possible so that your
shoulders are directly over your
hands.

3. Compressing the persons chest
straight down will help you reach the
necessary depth. Using the correct
body position also will be less tiring
for you.

Correct hand positions during CPR (Adult)
1. placing the heel of one hand
at the center of his or her chest.
2. Place your other hand directly
on top of the first hand and try
to keep your fingers off of the
chest by interlacing them or
holding them upward.
If you have arthritis in
your hands, you can give
compressions by
grasping the wrist of the
hand positioned on the
chest with your other
hand
How to open airway?
Tongue backward,
airway block
How to open airway?
1. Move the patient to his/ her back.
Position the head so that it faces
upwards.

2. Tilt the victim's head backwards,
opening all the airways so you'll be
able to force air into the lungs. The
patient's head should be tilted into
the "sniffing" position.

3. Position the patient's jaw so that
the mouth is opened. Perform a
"chin lift" to pull the jaw forward so
the mouth falls open

- What if I am scared to give breaths?
Just keep going with chest compression.

- How does the victim get oxygen with Chest
Compression Only?
When someones heart has stopped, blood is no longer circulated
through the body and therefore hardly any of the oxygen in the
blood is used. The person was breathing normally only seconds
ago, so their blood contains enough oxygen to tide them over for
several minutes. However, it is crucial to deliver blood and oxygen
to the brain by performing chest compressions continuously.


Your hands become their heart and each chest
compression becomes their heart beat.
Performing adequate chest compressions also
increases the likelihood that the patient will
gasp or continue to gasp, allowing the lungs to
obtain fresh oxygen.
Recovery Position
1. Place the persons arm that is
nearest you at a right angle to
their body, so it is bent at the
elbow with the hand pointing
upwards. This will keep it out of
the way when you roll victim over.
2. Gently pick up the other
hand with your palm and place
the back of victim hand onto
the opposite cheek. Keep your
hand there to guide and
support victims head as you
roll him/her.
3. Use your other arm to reach
across to the persons knee that
is furthest from you, and pull it
up so that leg is bent and foot
is flat on the floor
4. Gently pull victims knee
towards you so he/she roll
over onto the side, facing
you. Victims body weight
should help him/her to roll
over quite easily.
5. Move the bent leg that is
nearest to you, in front of their
body so that it is resting on the
floor. This position will help to
balance them.
6. Gently raise victims chin to tilt head
back slightly, as this will open up
airway and help to breathe. Check that
nothing is blocking the airway. If there
is an obstruction, such as food in
mouth, remove it if you can do so
safely. Stay with victim until medical
help arrives.
Heart attack

A heart attack occurs when
the blood supply to part of
the heart muscle is blocked
This happens because coronary
arteries that supply the heart
with blood can slowly become
thicker and harder from a
buildup of fat, cholesterol and
other substances, called plaque.

Warning signs for heart attack
Chest pain or discomfort radiated to neck and/
or left shoulder.
Shortness of breath
Light headache and
sweating






Stroke

A stroke is a condition in which the brain cells
suddenly die because of a lack of oxygen.
A stroke can be caused by an obstruction in the
blood flow which called Ischemic stroke, or the
rupture of an artery that feeds the brain which
called Hemorrhagic stroke.

Stroke
Ischemic stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke
The sudden signs of stroke
F.A.S.T. is an easy way to remember the sudden
signs of stroke


Face Drooping Does one side of the face droop or is
it numb? Ask the person to smile. Is the person's smile
uneven?
Speech Difficulty Is speech slurred?
Is the person unable to speak or hard to
understand? Ask the person to repeat a
simple sentence, like "The sky is blue." Is the
sentence repeated correctly?
Arm Weakness/ drift
Is one arm weak or numb?
Ask the person to raise both arms.
Does one arm drift downward?
Time to call 999 If someone shows any of these
symptoms, even if the symptoms go away, call 999
and get the person to the hospital immediately.
Check the time so you'll know when the first
symptoms appeared
First Aid cases:
Choking
Choking is respiratory distress that occurs when the
airway is partially or totally obstructed (blocked)
by the foreign body.
In adults, a piece of food often is the cause. Young
children often swallow small objects.


HOW TO RECOGNIZE choking?
The universal sign for choking is hands
clutched to the neck. If the person doesn't
give the signal, look for these indications:
Inability to talk
Difficulty breathing or noisy breathing
Inability to cough forcefully
Skin, lips and nails turning blue or dusky
Loss of consciousness

COMMON SIGNS OF CHOKING
Clutch neck
Blueness of
lip/nail
Choking in Adult and Child (clearing airway)
Mild choking in adults and children over one
year old
If the airway is only partly blocked, the person will
usually be able to speak, cry, cough or breathe. In
this case an adult or child over one year old will
usually be able to clear the blockage themselves.
To help with mild choking:
Encourage the person to keep coughing to try and
clear the blockage.
Remove any obvious blockage from their mouth,
using your first two fingers and thumb to grasp the
object. (only if its near and you can see it)

Severe choking in adults and children over one year old

Where choking is severe, the person will not be able
to speak, cry, cough or breathe. Without help, they
will eventually become unconscious.
To help an adult or child over one year old who is
choking severely:
1. Stand behind the person. Wrap your arms
around the waist. Tip the person forward slightly.
If someone has severe bleeding, the main aim is to
prevent further loss of blood and minimize the
effects of shock.
First, dial 999 and ask for an ambulance as soon as
possible.
If you have disposable gloves, then use them to
reduce the risk of any infection being passed on.

First Aid cases:
Bleeding
Bleeding
Check that there is nothing embedded in the
wound. If there is, take care not to press down on
the object. Instead, press firmly on either side of
the object and build up padding around it before
bandaging to avoid putting pressure on the object
itself. If there is nothing embedded:
Apply and maintain pressure to
the wound with your hand,
using a clean pad if possible.

Bleeding
Use a clean dressing to bandage
the wound firmly.
If the wound is on a limb and
there are no fractures, raise the
limb to decrease the flow of blood.


If bleeding continues through the pad then apply
another pad over the top and bandage it in place.
Do not remove the original pad or bandage.

If a body part has been cut off, such as a finger, do
not put it in direct contact with ice. Wrap it in a
plastic bag, then wrap it in a soft material and keep
it cool. Once it is wrapped, if possible, place the
cut off body part in crushed ice.
Always seek medical help for the bleeding unless it
is minor. If someone has a nosebleed that has not
stopped after 20 minutes, go to the nearest
hospital's accident and emergency department.

Bleeding
Bleeding
Treating a nosebleed
To stop a nosebleed:
sit down, lean forward and firmly pinch the soft
part of your nasal cavity, just above your nostrils
breathe through your mouth, maintain the
pressure on your nose for up to 10 minutes.

place a covered ice pack on the bridge of your nose
avoid blowing your nose, bending down and
strenuous activity for at least 12 hours after a
nosebleed; try to keep your head up.

Bleeding
First Aid cases:
Burn and scalds
In the event of a burn or scald:
Cool the burn as quickly as possible with cold (but
not ice-cold) running water for a minimum of 10
minutes or until the pain is relieved.
While cooling the burn, carefully remove any
clothing or jewelry, unless
it is attached to the skin.

First Aid cases:
Burn and scalds
Cover the burn by use a sterile dressing or gauze
then bandage but do not tight it
(if burn cream available apply it
before covering)


Burn and scalds..
Do not put toothpaste , lotions or sprays on the burn.




Keep the person warm using a blanket or layers of
clothing (avoiding the injured area) to prevent
hypothermia (low body temperature). This is a risk if
you are cooling a large burnt area, particularly in
babies, children and elderly
people.


Burn and scalds
Call 999/998 or seek medical help if necessary.
For chemical burns, wear protective gloves, remove
any clothing affected, brush the chemical off the
skin if it is a powder and rinse the burn with cold
running water for a minimum of 20 minutes. If
possible, determine what has caused the injury.

Burn and scalds
Poisoning is potentially life threatening. Most cases
of poisoning occur when a person has swallowed a
toxic substance such as bleach, an overdose of a
prescription drug or eaten wild plants and fungi.
If you think someone has swallowed a poisonous
substance, call 999 /998 to get immediate medical
help.

First Aid cases:
Poisoning
Poisoning
The effects of poisoning depend on the substance
swallowed but can include vomiting, loss of
consciousness, pain or a burning sensation
Find out what has been swallowed so you can tell
the paramedic or doctor.
Do not give the person anything to eat or drink.
Never try to cause vomiting.
Stay with the person as their condition may get
worse and they could become unconscious.

If the person is unconscious, while you wait for help:
Make sure the airway is open and he/she is
breathing. You open the airway by gently tilting the
head back and lifting the chin to move the tongue
away from the back of the mouth.
If victim is breathing, turn him/her into the
recovery position, preferably with head down so
any vomit can escape without being swallowed or
inhaled.
If victim is not breathing, perform CPR until start
breathing or medical help arrives.

Poisoning
Anaphylactic shock
Anaphylaxis (or anaphylactic shock) is a severe and
serious allergic reaction that can occur after
an insect sting or after a person eats certain foods
or medication. The reaction can be very fast,
happening within seconds or minutes of contact
with the thing a person is allergic to.
During anaphylactic shock, a person may find it
difficult to breathe and their tongue and throat
may also swell, obstructing their airway.

If you suspect a person is experiencing
anaphylactic shock, call 999 or 998 immediately .
Check if the person is carrying any medication.
Some people who know they have severe allergies
may carry an adrenaline injector, which is a type of
pre-loaded syringe.

Anaphylactic shock
Things you should not do:
Dont cut and suck the wound.
Dont apply an arterial tourniquet.
Dont cool the area of the bite.
Dont try to catch the snake, we dont want another
victim.
First Aid cases:
Snake bite
Snake bite
Treatment of snake bite:
Immediately have the victim lie flat
without moving.
Apply a tight bandage over bitten limb.
Immobilize the bitten limb, using
a splint if possible and position it
below the level of the heart.
Get victim to hospital urgently, lying flat.
If possible try to get the description of the snake.
Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs
when the circulatory system fails and, as a result,
deprives the vital organs of oxygen. This is usually
due to severe blood loss, but it can also happen
after severe burns, severe vomiting, a heart attack,
bacterial infection or severe allergic reaction
(anaphylaxis).

Note: bleeding can be internal
First Aid cases:
Shock
In the case of a serious injury or illness, it is
important to watch for signs of shock which
include:
pale, cold, clammy skin
sweating
rapid, shallow breathing
weakness and dizziness
feeling sick and possibly vomiting
thirst
sighing

Shock
Shock
Call 999/998
Lay the victim down
Cover
Elevate feet
Do not give anything
to drink.
Monitor the person.
If stop breathing
start CPR.


Dont touch!
Turn mine power off
Call 999
Remove person
from live wire
Check for breathing, if no
breathing start CPR

First Aid cases:
Electrical shock
Is a break or crack in the bone caused by a powerful
force.
It can be difficult to tell if a person has a broken
bone, or a joint or muscle injury. If you're in any
doubt, treat the injury as a broken bone.
If the person is unconscious, has difficulty
breathing or is bleeding severely, these must be
dealt with first.

First Aid cases:
Fracture
If the person is conscious, prevent any further pain
or damage by keeping the injury still until you get
victim safely to hospital.
Assess the injury and decide the best way to get
victim to hospital.
If they have a broken finger or arm, you may be
able to drive them yourself without causing more
harm.
Fracture
If victim have a broken leg, do not move the
him/her but keep them in the position you found
in.
Support the injured part with anything you have
handy, for example rolled up blankets or clothes.
Call for an ambulance.
If you suspect injured or broken spine (back) do
not move victim and call for an ambulance.

Fracture
A faint is a brief and sudden loss of consciousness,
normally due to a reduction in the blood flow to
the brain. Normally, a faint results in a person
falling to the floor.
Generally once a person has fainted and fallen to
the floor, they regain consciousness very quickly.
This is because when lying down, the heart finds it
easier to pump blood to the brain
as it isnt working against gravity.

First Aid cases:
Fainting

Fainting
Raise the legs to improve the
blood supply to the brain.
If the person fallen, check for
any injuries such as fractures.
Once victim recover, help
him/her sit up gradually. Dont
let the casualty stand up straight
away as he/she may just faint
again!

If the casualty does not wake up, you should
open the airway by tilting head backwards and
check the breathing. If casualty breath, put into
recovery position and call 999/998
It is a heat-related illness that can occur after the
body have been exposed to high temperatures
and loss of salt and water through excessive
sweating.

First Aid cases:
Heat exhaustion
Recognition:
The most common signs and symptoms of heat
exhaustion include:
Confusion, headache, dizziness
Sweating with pale, clammy skin
Loss of appetite and nausea
Fainting
Rapid heartbeat and breathing

What to do?
Move to cool place
Lay victim down
Elevate feet
Loosen clothing
Give fluids
Apply cool compresses

Heat stroke
Heatstroke occurs when the body fails to regulate
its own temperature and body temperature
continues to rise.
Heat stroke.
After calling 999/998, follow these first aid steps.
Move the person into a cool place, out of direct
sunlight.
Remove the person's unnecessary clothing, and
place the person on his or her side to expose as
much skin surface to the air as possible.
Cool the person's entire body by sponging or
spraying coolnot coldwater, and fan the
person to lower the body temperature.
If the person is awake and alert enough to swallow,
give the person fluids

Heat Stroke Vs Heat Exhaustion
Cooling, running water
Direct pressure
Elevate feet
Abdominal Thrust
CPR
Burn
Choking
Not breathing
Shock
Bleeding
Match the problem with the correct first-aid procedure.
Medical emergency can happen anytime.
Assess safety first.
Call for help when necessary.
Act quickly and try to remain calm and do not
panic.
Stabilize the situation until help arrives.