Chapter 6

Energy Analysis of Uniform State

Uniform Flow Systems



2
Many processes of interest, however, involve changes within the
control volume with time. Such processes are called unsteady-flow,
or transient flow, processes. Unlike steady-flow processes,
unsteady-flow processes start and end over some finite time
period instead of continuing indefinitely. Therefore in this
section, we deal with changes that occur over some time
interval t instead of with the rate of changes (changes per unit
time).
Uniform State Uniform Flow (USUF) Analysis
3
Q
net

W
net
State 1
m
1
U1
K.E1
P.E1
State 2
m
2
U2
K.E2
P.E2
m
i
h
i
K.E
i
P.E
i
m
e
h
e
K.E
e
P.E
e
The assumptions for uniform-state, uniform-flow are
The process takes place over a specified time period.
The state of the mass within the control volume is uniform
The state of mass crossing the control surface is uniform
4
Mass conservation
Energy conservation
2 2
( ) ( )
2 2
e e i i
V V
Q W m h gZ m h gZ
2 2
2 2 1 1
( ) ( )
2 2
V V
m u gZ m u gZ
5
For no changes in kinetic energies nor potential energies for inlet,
exit, initial state and final state, first law becomes
2 2 1 1 e e i i
Q W m h mh m u mu
Conservation of mass and energy are solved simultaneously in
USUF problems.
Some familiar USUF processes are:
charging of rigid vessels from supply lines,
discharging a fluid from a pressurized vessel,
driving a gas turbine with pressurized air stored in a large container,
inflating tires or balloons, and
cooking with an ordinary pressure cooker.
6
USUF examples
7
Example 6.1
A rigid, insulated tank that is initially evacuated is connected through
a valve to a supply line that carries steam at 1 MPa and 300C. Now
the valve is opened, and steam is allowed to flow slowly into the tank
until the pressure reaches 1 MPa, at which point the valve is closed.
Determine the final temperature of the steam in the tank.
Analysis We take the tank as the system.
This is a control volume since mass
crosses the system boundary during the
process. We observe that this is an
unsteady-flow process since changes
occur within the control volume. The
control volume is initially evacuated and
thus m
1
=0 and m
1
u
1
= 0. Also, there is one
inlet and no exits for mass flow.
8
9
Example 6-2
Consider an evacuated, insulated, rigid tank connected through a
closed valve to a high-pressure line. The valve is opened and the
tank is filled with the fluid in the line. If the fluid is an ideal gas,
determine the final temperature in the tank when the tank pressure
equals that of the line.
Control Volume: The tank

Property Relation: Ideal gas relations

Process: Assume uniform-state, uniform-flow
10
m m m m
i e CV


( )
2 1
Or, for one entrance, no exit, and initial mass of zero, this becomes
m m
i CV
( )
2
Conservation of energy:
For an insulated tank Q is zero and for a rigid tank with no shaft work
W is zero. For a one-inlet mass stream and no-exit mass stream and
neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energies
or
mh m u
h u
u Pv u
u u Pv
C T T Pv
i i CV
i
i i i
i i i
v i i i

( )
( )
2 2
2
2
2
2
Conservation Principles:

Conservation of mass:
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C T T RT
T
C R
C
T
C
C
T
kT
v i i
v
v
i
p
v
i
i
( )
2
2

If the fluid is air, k = 1.4 and the absolute temperature in the tank at
the final state is 40 percent higher than the fluid absolute temperature
in the supply line. The internal energy in the full tank differs from the
internal energy of the supply line by the amount of flow work done to
push the fluid from the line into the tank.
Extra Assignment

Rework the above problem for a 10 m
3
tank initially open to the
atmosphere at 25
o
C and being filled from an air supply line at 1.5
MPa, 25
o
C, until the pressure inside the tank is 1 MP.