Change of Phase

Evaporation
Condensation
Fogs and Clouds
Boiling
Melting and Freezing
Energy and Change of Phase
Evaporation
Why do you feel chilly when getting out of a swimming pool?
Evaporation
Why do you feel chilly when getting out of a swimming pool?
Fast molecules escape the liquid, taking energy, and leaving the
liquid cooler.
Evaporation
Cool coffee by blowing on it
Evaporation is a cooling process!
Wrap a wet cloth around a container to cool it off at a picnic.

Condensation
When in a shower and you turn off the water, why does is stay
warm in the stall?

Condensation
When in a shower and you turn off the water, why does is stay
warm in the stall?
The number of molecules in condensation is greater than the
ones in evaporation.
Condensation is a warming process
Molecules that condense have a higher average kinetic energy

Condensation
Why does a cold drink get wet on the outside?
What causes Dew, fog, clouds?
Cloud formation
Convection upward and expansion
Cooling due to expansion
Condensation due to cooling
Cloud formation

Condensation is enhanced by particles of dust
Boiling
Boiling is a cooling process
Temperature is 100 degrees C no
matter how much heat we give the
water.
Water boils as fast as it is being
warmed by heating.
The steam carries away the heat.

Boiling Water
At what temperature does water boil in the mountains?
Energy in Condensation/Vaporization

The Heat of Vaporization is 540 calories per gram of condensed
water at 100 degrees.
Melting and Freezing
Energy and Phase Changes
Energy
Class Problem
What is the minimum amount of 100C
steam required to melt 1 gram of 0C ice?

1) 0.125 g
2) 0.148 g
3) 6.75 g
4) 8.0 g
5) none of these
Class Problem
What is the minimum amount of 100C steam required
to melt 1 gram of 0C ice?
0.125 gram of 100C steam will provide the 80
calories required to melt 1 gram of ice. The H
2
O
in the form of steam will give up 540 calories per
gram when it condenses to boiling water, and
another 100 calories per gram when the water is
cooled from 100C to 0C. So the steam will give
up a total of 640 calories per gram to the ice. But
the ice needs only 80 calories to melt. So only
80/640 gram (0.125 gram) of steam will do the
job.


Class Problem
Suppose 4 grams of boiling water are
spread over a large surface so 1 gram
rapidly evaporates. If evaporation takes
540 calories from the remaining 3 grams of
water, and no other heat transfer takes
place, what will be the temperature of the
remaining 3 grams?
Class Problem
The remaining 3 grams will turn to 0C ice
under conditions where all 540 calories are
taken from the remaining water (like when
the surroundings are below freezing and
don't contribute energy). 540 calories from
3 grams means each gram gives up 180
calories. 100 calories from a gram of boiling
water reduces its temperature to 0C, and
80 more calories taken away turns it to ice.
This is why hot water so quickly turns to ice
in a freezing-cold environment.

Class Problems
1. To say that evaporation is a cooling process is to say that the
A) the less energetic particles escape.
B) more energetic particles escape.
C) more energetic particles remain in the water.


2. When a gas is changed to a liquid state, the gas
A) absorbs energy.
B) releases energy.
C) neither releases nor absorbs energy.
D) both releases and absorbs energy.


3. A refrigerator
A) causes internal energy to disappear.
B) produces cold.
C) removes internal energy from inside the refrigerator.
D) changes heat into cold.
E) none of these
Class Problems
4. On a humid day, water condenses on the outside of a glass of ice water.
This phenomenon occurs mainly because of
A) capillary action.
B) adhesion of water molecules to glass.
C) evaporation.
D) the saturation of cooled air.
E) the porosity of glass.


5. When a block of ice at zero degrees Celsius melts, the ice
A) absorbs energy from its environment.
B) releases energy and gets warmer.
C) absorbs energy and gets warmer.
D) releases energy to its environment.
E) absorbs energy but does not change its temperature.