Sie sind auf Seite 1von 38

Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for

cellular growth and reproduction



A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose
sugar and a phosphate group:
The pyrimidines and purines found in DNA and RNA

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Structures of the four deoxyribonucleotides
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Structures of the four ribonucleotides

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Pentose Sugars
There are two related pentose sugars:
- RNA contains ribose
- DNA contains deoxyribose
The sugars have their carbon atoms numbered with primes
to distinguish them from the nitrogen bases


Ikatan nukleotida DNA dan RNA
Ikatan Hidrogen pada pasangan basa
Watson dan Crick
Base Pairing in the DNA Double Helix
Avery-Macleod-McCarty
Difraksi Sinar X
DNA
Watson-Crick model for the structure of DNA
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hydrogen bonds between bases hold the
strands together: A and T, C and G
Figure 10.3D
Ribbon model Partial chemical structure Computer model
Hydrogen bond
Central dogma of molecular genetics
The function of DNA is to store information and pass it to RNA
The function of RNA is to read, decode, and use the information
received from DNA to make proteins
Three fundamental processes take place:
Replication process by which identical copies of DNA are made so
the information can be preserved and handed down to offspring
Transcription the process by which the genetic messages are read
and carried out of the cell nucleus to ribosomes, where protein
synthesis occurs
Translation the process by which the genetic messages are
decoded and used to synthesize proteins
Base Pairing in DNA: The Watson-Crick Model
A representation of semiconservative DNA replication
Replication of DNA
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
DNA replication begins at many specific sites
How can entire chromosomes be replicated during S phase?
Figure 10.5A
Parental strand
Origin of replication
Bubble
Two daughter DNA molecules
Daughter strand
Direction of Replication
The enzyme helicase unwinds several sections of parent DNA
At each open DNA section, called a replication fork, DNA
polymerase catalyzes the formation of 5-3ester bonds of the
leading strand
The lagging strand, which grows in the 3-5 direction, is
synthesized in short sections called Okazaki fragments
The Okazaki fragments are joined by DNA ligase to give a
single 3-5 DNA strand
What sequence of bases on one strand of DNA is
complementary to the sequence TATGCAT on another
strand?



Worked Example 24.1

Predicting the Complementary Base Sequence in
Double-Stranded DNA
Strategy
Remember that A and G form complementary pairs with T
and C
Go through the sequence replacing A by T, G by C, T by A,
and C by G
Remember that the 5 end is on the left and the 3 end is on
the right in the original strand



Worked Example 24.1

Predicting the Complementary Base Sequence in
Double-Stranded DNA
Solution
Original: (5) TATGCAT (3)
Compliment: (3) ATACGTA (5) or
(5) ATGCATA (3)





Worked Example 24.1

Predicting the Complementary Base Sequence in
Double-Stranded DNA
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is
translated into the polypeptide
Figure 10.6A
DNA
RNA
Protein
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
The information constituting an organisms
genotype is carried in its sequence of bases
DNA TRANSCRIPTION
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
An exercise in translating the genetic code
Figure 10.8B
Start
codon
RNA
Transcribed strand
Stop
codon
Translation
Transcription
DNA
Polypeptide
U C A G
U
C
A
G
G
A
C
U
G
A
C
U
G
A
C
U
G
A
C
U
UUU
UUC
UUA
UUG
CUU
CUC
CUA
CUG
AUU
AUC
AUA
AUG
GUU
GUC
GUA
GUG
phe
leu
leu
ile
met (start)
val
UCU
UCC
UCA
UCG
CCU
CCC
CCA
CCG
ACU
ACC
ACA
ACG
GCU
GCC
GCA
GCG
ser
pro
thr
ala
UAU
UAC
UAA
UAG
CAU
CAC
CAA
CAG
AAU
AAC
AAG
AAA
GAU
GAC
GAA
GAG
tyr
stop
stop
his
gln
asn
lys
asp
glu
UGU
UGC
UGA
UGG
CGU
CGC
CGA
CGG
AGU
AGC
AGA
AGG
GGU
GGC
GGA
GGG
cys
stop
trp
arg
ser
arg
gly
F
i
r
s
t

B
a
s
e
T
h
i
r
d

B
a
s
e

Second Base
Virtually all organisms share the same genetic code
unity of life
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Each tRNA molecule has a triplet anticodon on
one end and an amino acid attachment site on
the other
Figure 10.11B, C
Anticodon
Amino acid
attachment
site
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ribosomes build polypeptides
Figure 10.12A-C
Codons
tRNA
molecules
mRNA
Growing
polypeptide
Large
subunit
Small
subunit
mRNA
mRNA
binding
site
P site A site
P A
Growing
polypeptide
tRNA
Next amino acid
to be added to
polypeptide
What amino acid sequence is coded by the following segment
of a DNA coding strand?


(5) CTA-ACT-AGC-GGG-TCG-CCG (3)



Worked Example 24.2

Predicting the Amino Acid Sequence Transcribed
from DNA
Strategy
The mRNA produced during translation is a copy of the DNA
coding strand
Each T replaced by U
The mRNA has the sequence
(5) CUA-ACU-AGC-GGG-UCG-CCG (3)



Worked Example 24.2

Predicting the Amino Acid Sequence Transcribed
from DNA
Solution
Leu-Thr-Ser-Gly-Ser-Pro



Worked Example 24.2

Predicting the Amino Acid Sequence Transcribed
from DNA

DNA Sequencing
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of mutations
Figure 10.16B
mRNA
NORMAL GENE
BASE SUBSTITUTION
BASE DELETION
Protein Met Lys Phe Gly Ala
Met Lys Phe Ser Ala
Met Lys Leu Ala His
Missing
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

11.8 Recombinant DNA Technology, Continued
11.8 Recombinant DNA Technology, Continued
Therapeutic Proteins

The human insulin gene was the first application
of recombinant DNA technology. It was
incorporated into a bacteria called Escherichia
coli.

Insulin produced in this manner eliminated many
of the side effects that occurred from the use of
pig and cow insulin.

Recombinant technology is used to insert genes into
crop and food plants offering many growth advantages.
11.8 Recombinant DNA Technology, Continued
Nuclear TransplantationCloning an Organism

Clone means to make an exact copy.

Cloning an organism creates a genetic copy of
the original organism.

Cloning involves taking nuclear DNA from an
adult cell and transplanting it into an egg whose
DNA has been removed.
11.8 Recombinant DNA Technology, Continued

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen