INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN

GEOGRAPHY

DR. RODRIGO EGO B. MALLONGA, DPA, EnP, LLB, CE, MBA
Realtor / Appraiser / Consultant
GEOGRAPHY
Is highly interdisciplinary; as many fields of
study are interconnected with spatial and
temporal relationships with humans and their
environment: climate, culture, health,
economics, anthropology, history and more.
Two Fields of Geography:
1. Physical
2. human
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Studies the world in spatial terms and physical
systems of the environment. The earth
sciences are all interconnected with physical
geography. Physical systems such as
ecosystems, landmasses, bodies of water, and
climate are all included in the branch of
geography. Physical processes are also
studied, to understand the forces that shape
the earths surface.

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Is the scientific study of the location of the
people and activities across the earths surface
and the reasons for their distribution.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
1. Eratosthenes - calculated the circumference of the earth
(within 0.5 percent accuracy); divided the earth into five
climate regions- a torrid zone at the extreme north and
south and 2 bands of temperature climate between the
torrid zone and each in the frigid zones.
2. Hipparchus - drew imaginary lines on the surface of the
earth in order to describe the location of the place.
3. Aristotle - the earth is sphere.
4. Ptolomy - wrote an eight volume Guide to Geography,
forerunner of the present geography.
5. Humbolt and Ritter - geographers should study human
environment relationships by concentrating on how the
physical environments cause social development.

GEOGRAPHERS FOUR-WAY IDENTIFICATION OF LOCATION (NAME,
SITE, SITUATION, AND MATHEMATICS):
Toponym - nominal location or a place name given to a portion of
the earths surface.
Site - physical character of the location. Important site
characteristics include climate, water sources, topography, soil,
and vegetation.
Situation - relative location of a place compared with other places;
i.e. identify important buildings, streets and other landmarks to
direct people to a desired location.
Mathematical location absolute location on the earths surface,
described according to unique set of numbers known as latitudes
and longitudes. Two imaginary lines, or arcs, known as parallels
and meridians. Prime Meridian 0 degree longitude at
Greenwich, England. Number between 0-180 degrees either east
or west of the prime meridian.
DEFINITIONS - MAPS:
Township - a square, 6 miles and six miles wide. A
township is divided into 36 section, each of which
is 1 mile by 1 mile
Map - a two-dimensional (flat) representation of
the earths surface or a portion of it.
Cartography - the science of making map.
Scale - relationship between the length of an
object on a map and the length of the same
feature on the earths surface.
Projection - the system used to transfer the
locations on the earths surface to location on a
map.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION
- the arrangement of the phenomenon across the earths
surface. Important properties of spatial distribution:
density, concentration and pattern.
Density - frequency that something occurs within a
given unit of area; arithmetic density is the total
number of objects, such as people in an area.
Concentration - extend of the spread of something
over a given study area. If the objects of the given area
are closer together, they are considered clusters. If they
are relatively apart, they are considered dispersed.
Pattern - the geometric arrangement of the object.
Geographers observe that many object form a linear
distribution, such as the arrangement of houses along
a street or stations along a sub-way line.



DEFINITION - POPULATION
Demography - scientific study of the population characteristics
Ecumene - the portion of the earths surface occupied by
permanent human settlement.
Density - helps geographers measure the relationship between
population and available resources and can be computed in number
of ways:
1) Arithmetic Density - (population density) total number of people
divided by the total land area.
2) Physiological Density - number of people per unit area of arable land
which is land suitable for agriculture. The higher the physiological
density, the greater the potential pressure people may place on the
land to produce enough food.
3) Agricultural Density - the ratio of the number of farmers to the total
amount of land suitable for agriculture helps to account for these
economic differences.
Census - the most important source of knowledge about the growth
and composition of the countrys population

COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE
Fertility
Natural Increase- the percentage by which a population
grows in a year and is computed by subtracting the crude
death from the crude birth rate (excludes migration)
Mortality
Crude Death Rate- annual number of death per 1,000
population.
Migration- A permanent move to or from a new
location.
Emigration - migration from a location
Immigration - migration to a location
Net migration - difference between the number of
emigrants and the number of immigrants

FACTORS AFFECTING MIGRATION
Push Factor
Induce people to move away from old residence
Political Push Factor- people force to migrate from a
particular country for political reasons are known as
refugees.
Economic Push Factor
Environmental Push Factor
Pull Factor
Attractive features of a new location may lure migrants
Political Pull Factor- lure of freedom
Economic Pull Factor
Environmental Pull Factor- for health reasons

INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Per capita incomes
Economic structure by sector
Primary sector- concern with the direct extraction of materials from
the earths surface, generally through agriculture, sometimes mining,
fishing and forestry.
Secondary sector- includes manufacturers that process, transform,
and assemble raw materials into useful products.
Tertiary sector- includes the provision of goods and services to people
in exchange for payment, i.e., offices, shops, physicians, lawyers,
entertainment facilities and universities.
Quarternary sector- involves the processing of information, specially
through computer technology.
Worker productivity- value of a particular product compared with
the amount of labor needed to make it.
Access to raw materials
Availability of consumer goods.

INDUSTRY
Industry seeks to maximize profits by minimizing production costs.

Factors affecting geographic costs:
Situation Factors those related to the transportation into and from a
factory. A factory. A firm seeks a location that minimizes the cost of
transporting inputs to the factory and finished goods to the consumers.
Bulk reducing industry an industry that produces a product that has a
lower volume or a lighter weight after production than before. In this
case location of factory should be new inputs.
Bulking-gaining industry produces a product that has a higher volume or a
heavier weight after production than before. Location of the factory should
be near market.
Break-of-bulk point location where transfer among transportation modes is
possible. Important break-of-bulk point includes seaports and airports.
Site Factors those related to the cost of production inside the plant
resulting from the unique characteristics of a particular location. The main
production factors Land, Capital, Labor.
Obstacles to Optimum Location
A firm may have more than one critical site or situation
factor, each of which suggests a different location.
Even if a firm has clearly identified its critical factor,
more than one suitable location may emerge.
A firm can not always precisely calculate the costs of
situation and site factors with the company or at
various locations.
The firm may select its location on the basis of inertia
and history. Once a firm is located in one community,
expansion in the same place is likely to be cheaper
than moving operations to a new one.
The calculations concerning optimal location can be
altered by government grants, loans or tax breaks.

SETTLEMENTS
Settlements a permanent collection of building
and inhabitants
Geographic information about the good or
service that will be provided at a new location
establishing:
o Range maximum distance people are willing to
travel to obtain a good or use a service.
o Threshold minimum number of people needed to
support the good or service.
o Principle of retail location - three most important
properties of a retail store are location, location, and
location.

PRINCIPLE OF URBAN PATTERNS
Three models of Urban Structure:
The concentric zone model. A city grows outward from a central area in a series
of concentric ring, like the rings of a tree.
Central Business District the area of the city where retail and office activities are
concentrated.
Zone in transition or gray area or twilight zone comprises older industries and warehouses,
as well as residential areas surrounding the CBD.
Zone of independent workers home
Zone of better residences
Commuters zone
The sector model a city grows in a series of sectors, wedges, or corridors, which
extend out from the central business district. Certain areas of the city are more
attractive for various activities, originally because of an environmental factor or
even by mere chance.
Central Business District
Transportation and Industry
Low Class residential
High Class residential
The multiple nuclei model a city with a complex structure that includes a
collection of nodes or centers, around which activities resolve. Examples of these
nodes include a port, neighborhood business center, university, airport and park.
URBANIZATION - is a process of becoming (implying
movement) from a state of less concentration to
a state of more concentration.
Regularities in urban structure
1. transport frame
2. speculative realm
3. settlement sphere
Accessibility, interaction and land value
1. land use bid rent curves
2. pattern of land uses
Urban generally refer to places that are
predominantly non-agricultural
Location/Competition a concept of why cities are
where they are.

SOCIAL INDICATORS AND QUALITY OF LIFE

SOCIAL INDICATORS FACTORS
1 Democratic Process the system by which the public
(nominally) governs itself in
accordance with the principleof
equality of rights, opportunity
and treatment.
2 Public Participation the ability of citizens to be heard
and to interrogate the decision
makers.
SOCIAL INDICATORS AND QUALITY OF LIFE

SOCIAL INDICATORS FACTORS
3 Health physical and mental well being.
Ability to detect, treat and
control specific causes and
characteristic symptoms of illness
and ailments to maintain physical
growth and development.
4 Choices of Life the chance, right or power to
make fundamental choices in life
usually by the free exercise of
ones judgment and use of ones
resources.
SOCIAL INDICATORS AND QUALITY OF LIFE

SOCIAL INDICATORS FACTORS
5 Housing the availability of adequate
housing facilities.
6 Economic Security the degree to which one can
maintain his economic state in
relation to his needs.
7 Education the knowledge, skills, character
and so forth of the population
and the process of obtaining
and development them by
schooling, training and other
means.
SOCIAL INDICATORS AND QUALITY OF LIFE

SOCIAL INDICATORS FACTORS
8 Land Use Planning the well-organized, planned and
presumably beneficial use of the
land.
9 Essential living Costs the portion of the total income
required to satisfy basic human
needs such as food, clothing,
shelter, etc.
10 Economic Opportunity circumstances favorable to
improvement of an individuals
materials welfare in relation to
his ability.
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS AND QUALITY OF LIFE

PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT
INDICATORS
FACTORS
1 Land Use the well-organize, planned, and
presumably beneficial use of the
land.
2 Air Pollution the amount of foreign and
harmful substances in the air
from all possible sources.
3 Water Pollution the amount of foreign and
harmful substances in the water
from all possible sources.
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS AND QUALITY OF LIFE

PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT
INDICATORS
FACTORS
4 Recreational
Resources
the availability of non-personal
resources or use in leisure
activities.
5 Noise Pollution the production of sound at a
level that can be considered
annoying and possibly harmful.
6 Solid Waste the problems engendered by the
requirements to effectively
dispose of residual matter
remaining and after the initial
use of consumption of products.
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS AND QUALITY OF LIFE

PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT
INDICATORS
FACTORS
7 Climate / Weather the impact of long-term (climate)
and short term (weather)
atmospheric and solar condition.
8 Utilities the availability of power,
communication, water,
transportation, etc., in the
locality.
INDICES
MEASURING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
1. Output, Expenditure and Income
2. Prices
GROWTH: trends and cycles
1. Gross domestic product
2. Productivity
Population, Employment, and Unemployment
1. Population
2. Work Force
3. Payrolls and Hours worked
4. Unemployment and vacancies
INDICES
FISCAL INDICATORS
1. Public Expenditures
2. Government Revenues
3. Budget balance, deficit, surplus
4. National debt, government or public debt
CONSUMERS
1. Personal income, disposable income
2. Consumer and personal expenditure, private
consumption
3. Personal and household savings ratio
4. Consumer confidence
INDICES
INVESTMENT AND SAVINGS
1. Fixed investment and savings
2. Investment intentions
3. Stock (inventories)
4. National savings, savings ratio
INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE
1. Business conditions, indices and surveys
2. Industrial and manufacturing production
3. Capacity use and utilization
4. Manufacturing order
5. Motor vehicles
6. Construction orders and output
7. Housing rates, completion and stocks
8. Wholesale sales or turnover, orders and stocks
9. Retail sales or turn-over, orders and stocks
INDICES
THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
1. Accounting conventions
2. Import/export of goods and services
3. Trade balance, merchandize trade balance
4. Current-account balance
5. Capital-account flows
6. Officials reserves
7. External debt, net foreign assets
MONEY AND FINANCIAL MARKETS
1. Money, supply money stock MOM5 Liquidity
2. Bank lending, advances, credit, consumer credit
3. Central bank, discount, Lombard, invention rates
4. Interest rates; short term and money market rates
5. Bonds yields
6. Yields curves, gasps and ratios
7. Real interest rates and yields
8. Share prices and yields
INDICES
PRICES AND WAGES
1. Price indicators
2. Gold and oil prices
3. Commodity-price indices
4. Export and import prices; unit values
5. Producers and wholesale prices
6. Surveys of prices expectations
7. Wages, earnings and labor costs
8. Unit labor costs
9. Consumer or retail prices
10. Consumer or private expenditure deflators
11. GDP deflators
Write the letter of the correct answer.

___1. The system used to transfer locations on the earths surface to location on a Map.
a. Special Distribution b. Projections c. Cartography d. Map

___2. The relationship between the length of an object on a map and the Length of the same feature on
the earths surface.
a. Mathematical location b. Density c. scale d. Pattern

___3. Is the most important source of knowledge about the growth and composition of a countrys
population.
a. Demography b. Mortality c. Census d. Ecumene

___4. Is not an indicator to measure economic development.
a. Access to raw materials b. Worker Productivity c. per capital income d. Net Migration

___5. Is the process of becoming (implying movement) from a state of less Concentration to a state of
more concentration.
a. Urbanization b. settlement c. Interaction d. Land use

___6. Is not part of social indicators and quality of life.
a. Health b. Education c. Housing d. Air pollution
Write the letter of the correct answer.

___7. Which of the following is part of physical environment indicator and Quality of Life?
a. Economic opportunity b. Choices of Life c. Economic security d. Solid Waste

___8. The branch of human geography which studies human perceptions of the Environment. Human
systems are affected by physical systems, and how resources are perceived and used are also
studied as human geography. Which of the following subcategories and interdisciplinary studies
are not included in the study of human geography.
a. political geography b. demography c. anthropology d. oceanography

___9. Which of the following are considered among the political forces that affect Value?
a. Loan Regulation b. Disposable income c. Zoning Laws d. none of the above

___10. To increase the pool of its land resources, the Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992 (RA
7279) provides that the mode of acquiring lands shall include: land swapping, land assembly or
consolidation, land banking, donation to the government, joint venture agreement,
negotiated purchased and ___________________?
a. land conversion b. expropriation c. land reclassification d. none of the above