Peralatan Industri Kimia

By Andi Gustawan
Sylabus
MKB-312 Peralatan Industri Kimia, 2(2-0 SKS)
Materi : Peralatan transportasi material padat, cair, dan gas.
Peralatan pengubah ukuran. Peralatan kontak antar fasa.
Peralatan pengadukan (mixer). Peralatan pemompaan. Peralatan
pemisah fasa padat dengan fasa cair: pengendap, pemekat,
filtrasi, sentrifugasi. Peralatan evaporasi. Peralatan kristalisasi.
Peralatan pengeringan. Peralatan distilasi dan fraksionasi,
Peralatan pemindah panas, peralatan pengayak, nosel penyebar.

Referensi :
Mc Cabe and Smith, 1990, Unit Operation of Chemical
Engineering, Mc Graw-Hill, Singapore.
Perry and Chilton, 2008, Handbook for Chemical Engineer's, Mc
Graw-Hill, Singapore

PROCESS DESIGN


Process design establishes the sequence of chemical and physical
operations; operating conditions; the duties, major specifications,
and materials of construction (where critical) of all process
equipment (as distinguished from utilities and building auxiliaries);


The process design is summarized by
a process flowsheet,
a material and energy balance,
and a set of individual equipment specifications.


INTRODUCTION

EQUIPMENT
Two main categories of process equipment :
Proprietary equipment is designed by the
manufacture manufacturer to meet performance specifications made by
the user;
these specifications may be regarded as the process design of the
equipment.
This category includes equipment with moving parts
such as pumps, compressors, and drivers as well as cooling towers,
dryers, filters, mixers, agitators, piping equipment, and valves, and
even the structural aspects of heat exchangers, furnaces, and other
equipment.

Custom design is needed for many aspects of chemical
reactors, most vessels, multistage separators such as fractionators,
and other special equipment not amenable to complete standardization.
INTRODUCTION



CODES, STANDARDS, AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

A large body of rules has been developed over the years to
ensure
the safe and economical design, fabrication and testing of
equipment, structures, and materials.



INTRODUCTION
TABLE 1.2. Codes and Standards of Direct Bearing on
Chemical Process Design (a Selection)
A. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), 345 E. 47th St., New York,
NY 10017
1. Standard testing procedures; 21 have been published, for
example on centrifuges, filters, mixers, firer heaters
B. American Petroleum Institute (API), 2001 L St. NW, Washington, DC 20037
2. Recommended practices for refinery inspections
3. Guide for inspection of refinery equipment
4. Manual on disposal of refinery wastes
5. Recommended practice for design and construction of large, low
6. Recommended practice for design and construction of pressure
7. Recommended practices for safety and fire protection
pressure storage tanks
relieving devices
C. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 345 W. 47th St., New
8. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Sec. VIII, Unfired
9. Code for pressure piping
York, NY 10017
Pressure Vessels
10. Scheme for identification of piping systems
D. American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), 1916 Race St., Philadelphia,
PA 19103
11. ASTM Standards, 66 volumes in 16 sections, annual, with about
E. American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1430 Broadway, New
30% revision each year
York, NY 10018
12. Abbreviations, letter symbols, graphical symbols, drawing and
drafting room practice
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES

Material and energy balances are based on a conservation law which
is stated generally in the form
input + source = output + sink + accumulation.

Input and output quantities of an entity cross the boundaries

A source is an increase in the amount of the entity that occurs without a
crossing of the boundary; for example, an increase in the sensible enthalpy
or in the amount of a substance as a consequence of chemical reaction.
sinks are decreases without a boundary crossing, as the disappearance of
water from a fluid stream by adsorption onto a solid phase within the
boundary.
Accumulations are time rates of change of the amount of the entities within
the boundary, an accumulation occurs when the input and output rates are
different. In the steady state, the accumulation is zero.


INTRODUCTION
SAFETY FACTORS

In all of the factors that influence the performance of equipment
and plant there are elements of uncertainty and the possibility of
error, including inaccuracy of physical data, basic correlations of
behavior such as pipe friction or tray efficiency or gas-liquid
distribution, necessary approximations of design methods and
calculations, not entirely known behavior of materials of
construction,uncertainty of future market demands, and changes in
operating performance with time.

Safety factors should not be used to mask inadequate or careless design
work. The design should be the best that can be made in the time
economically justifiable, and the safety factors should be estimated from a
careful consideration of all factors entering into the design and the
possible future deviations from the design conditions.