GAS PIPELINE HYDRAULIC

Heru Cahyono
November 26
th
,
2012
INTRODUCTION
Profile
NAME
HERU CAHYONO

BACKGROUND:
CHEMICAL ENGINEER

WORKING EXPERIENCE IN PGN:

2005 - 2007 JUNIOR ENGINEER ON SOUTH SUMATRA - WEST JAVA PROJECT
Labuhan Maringgai Muara Bekasi (Offshore Section, 32 OD 162 km)
Muara Bekasi Rawa Maju (Onshore Section, 32 OD 32 km)

2008 COST ESTIMATOR

2009 - 2010 STRATEGIC PLANNER

2011 - 2012 PROCESS ENGINEER

Course Agenda
GAS PIPELINE HYDRAULIC
Introduction
Pre Test & Brief view of oil & gas industry
Flow Equation

Break Refreshment

Gas properties & Equation 0f State

Break Refreshment

08:00am
09:00am
11:45am
09:45am
10:00am
1:00pm
Software Pipeline Studio
Preparation & Introduction
Hydrocarbon : an
organic compound
made up of carbon and
hydrogen atoms

Petroleum : a natural
yellow-to-black
flammable liquid
hydrocarbon found
beneath the earths
surface
INTRODUCTION
What is Hydrocarbon?
Saudi Arabia has the
most oil

Russia has the most
natural gas

USA has the most coal

Indonesia?
INTRODUCTION
Distribution of Fossil Fuel Reserves
INTRODUCTION
Projected World Energy Supply & Demand
INTRODUCTION
Oil & Gas Business View
INTRODUCTION
Subsurface View - Onshore
INTRODUCTION
Subsurface View - Offshore
Artists rendition of
offshore petroleum
reservoir
(Graphics by
John Perez Graphics
& Design, LLC)
INTRODUCTION
Petroleum traps Gas cap
INTRODUCTION
4 Sections in Oil & Gas Industry
Section I
Reservoir Area
End of drilling hole

Section II
End of drilling hole
Well head

Section III
Well head
Surface facilities
Section IV
Refinery - Customer
INTRODUCTION
Reservoir Fluids
INTRODUCTION
Product of Oil & Gas
INTRODUCTION
Typical Crude Oil Processing
INTRODUCTION
Block Diagram of Major Gas Producing Unit
INTRODUCTION
Product of Gas
INTRODUCTION
Gas Transportation Mode
Economically preferred options
for monetizing stranded
natural gas (Wood et al., 2008)
INTRODUCTION
Why should we learn?
Planning Stage?
Design Stage?
Engineering Stage?
Operation Stage?
Maintenance Stage?
Commercial Stage?
Gas Hydraulic
INTRODUCTION
Gas Hydraulic
Planning, Design, &
Engineering Stage

- Calculate pipe
sizing
- Calculate
equipment sizing
Operation &
Maintenance

- Start up
- Shut down
- Calculate product
quality & quantity
Commercial

- Additional gas
supply decision
- Additional
customer/demand
decision

INTRODUCTION
Gas Hydraulic
CONSERVATION OF MASS
The difference of the mass going
in and going out leads to more
mass staying in the fixed volume
and thus to an increase in the
density
or:
What goes in must come out or
is being stored
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
The difference of the momentum going in and
going out can only change due to external
forces, that is pushing (pressure), friction or
elevation changes
Compare to billiard balls:
It moves with constant velocity unless
accelerated due to being pushed, decelerated
due to friction or due to moving uphill or
downhill
GAS PROPERTIES
Molecular Weight
Specific Gravity
Gas compressibility
Dew point (P&T)
Bubble point (P&T)
Critical constant
Density
Accentric factor
Heating value


Ideal Gas
Van Der Waals
Redlick Kwong
SRK
Peng Robinson
Benedict-Webb-Rubbin
EQUATION OF STATE
INTRODUCTION
Gas Hydraulic
FLOW EQUATION
General
Colebrook-White
AGA
Weymouth
Panhandle A
Panhandle B
Oliphant


FLOW EQUATION
Summary
FLOW EQUATION
Colebrook-White
The Colebrook-White equation, sometimes referred to simply as the Colebrook
equation, is a relationship between the friction factor and the Reynolds number,
pipe roughness, and inside diameter of pipe.
AGA
WEYMOUTH
FLOW EQUATION
Single Phase Gas
ISOTHERMAL/GENERAL
PANHANDLE B
OLIPHANT
PANHANDLE A
FLOW EQUATION
Single Phase Gas
PREDICTING PRESSURE DROP ALONG PIPELINE
FLOW EQUATION
Single Phase Gas
CALCULATING FLOW RATE
FLOW EQUATION
Single Phase Gas
CALCULATING PIPELINE DIAMETER
FLOW EQUATION
Comparisson
FLOW EQUATION
Single Phase Gas
CASE STUDY
P
A
= .....?

20 km

60 km

20 km

50 km

FLOW EQUATION
Single Phase Gas
CASE STUDY
P
B
= .....?
if
Q
Q
Temperature Profile?
FLOW EQUATION
Single Phase Gas
TEMPERATURE VARIATION IN A GAS PIPELINE
Which one?
How to find out gas properties such as:
- Gas specific gravity
- Gas compressibility
- Gas density
- etc
FLOW Equation
Problem
Critical Temperature =

Critical Pressure =

Reduced Temperature =

Reduced Pressure =

Molecular weight =

Specific Gravity =

28,9625



GAS PROPERTIES
Mixture Properties
Reynold Number
GAS PROPERTIES
Mixture Properties
INTRODUCTION
Compressibility using Standing-Katz Method
Example:

Gas at 1000 Psig & 100
o
F












Find:
- MW
- G
- z
Ideal Gas
Only valid for gas at low pressure conditions
(60 psig)
GAS PROPERTIES
Equation of State
Van der Waals
Add correction on:
- Gas volume specific
- Molecular interaction
Redlich-Kwong
Add correction on VdW equation
a & b value
Peng Robinson
Add correction on:
- a as temperature function
- Accentric factor
(molecul shape)

GAS PROPERTIES
Equation of State
R= 0.008314 MPa m
3
/kmol K
BWR (Benedict Webb Rubbin)
For specific system with very high precission level (0,01%):
- CH
4
- CO
2

This equation provide 8 parameters (6 new additional parameters):
A
0,
B
0,
C
0,
a, , , c, d, b
GAS PROPERTIES
Equation of State
GAS PROPERTIES
Physical Constant
Example:

Gas at 1000 Psig & 100
o
F












Find z using Peng Robinson
Method
GAS PROPERTIES
Physical Constant
Example:

Find heating value of the
following mixture:











Find the revenue for
100 MMscfd natural gas at
USD10/MMBtu.
GAS PROPERTIES
Gas Velocity
The velocity of gas flow in a pipeline represents the speed at which the gas
molecules move from one point to another.
Unlike a liquid pipeline, due to compressibility, the gas velocity depends
upon the pressure and, hence, will vary along the pipeline even if the pipe
diameter is constant.
Where will the highest velocity be?
GAS PROPERTIES
Max Gas Velocity
How high can the gas velocity be in a pipeline?
As the velocity increases, vibration and noise are evident.
GAS PROPERTIES
Case Study of Gas Velocity
GAS PROPERTIES
Gas Phase Determination
Equilibrium ratio
GPSA Chapther 26
GAS PROPERTIES
Phase Diagram
GAS PROPERTIES
Case Study using NIST
(National Institute of Standards and Technology)
Determine the phase condition of stream having the following composition
At 7.2
o
C and 2620 kPa
Component Mole Fraction
N
2
0.0016
C
1
0.1930
C
2
0.1363
C
3
0.2515
n
C
4
0.2742
n
C
5
0.0910
n
C
6
0.0524
GAS PROPERTIES
Case Study using NIST
(National Institute of Standards and Technology)
Determine the phase condition of stream having the following composition
At 200
o
F and 200 psia
Component Mole Fraction
C
3
0.25
n
C
4
0.4
n
C
5
0.35
GAS PROPERTIES
Case Study
Determine compressibility of gas having the following composition at 135
o
F and 2021 Psi
- NIST
- Peng Robinson Equation
Component Mole Fraction
N
2
0.0046
CO
2
0.003
H
2
S 0.1438
C
1
0.8414
C
2
0.0059
C
3
0.0008
i
C
4
0.0003
n
C
5
0.0002
END
THANK YOU