Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

- Electric Propulsion
Khushal H Sukhadia
1CR08EE022
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
Introduction
Control
Desired features
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
Image Courtesy : wikipedia.org
Image courtesy : domain-b.com
Conventional UAVs

Efficiency
Power to weight ratio
Fuel carrying capacity
Acoustic and heat signature

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
Wankel engine
And its limitations
Hence, electric propulsion
Image Courtesy : wikipedia.org
Modern-Day UAV
Range of military and civilian missions
Temporarily minimize prop noise
Hybrid systems
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
Intro to Electric Propulsion
Brushless DC Motor
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
Invented in the 1960s
So what is so new in it now ???
Image Courtesy : deviantart.com
A BLDC motor has
Rotor
Stator
Two basic designs
Inner rotor design
Outer rotor design
Commutator
Like a three phase frequency converter
Rotor position
Rotary encoders
Hall sensors
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
Brushless DC Motor
Construction
Image Courtesy : nmbtc.com
How it Works
Halls Sensors sense the
position of the coils

The Decoder Circuit turns
appropriate switches on
and off

The voltage through the
specific coils turns the motor

Speed control

Images courtesy of Servo Magnetics
(http://www.servomag.com/flash/2-pole/2pole-bldc-motor.html)
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
Image Courtesy : sionpower.com
Advantages
Increased reliablilty & efficiency
Longer life
Reduced friction
Elimination of sparks from commutator
Regenerative braking
Precision cotrol
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
Disadvantages
Requires complex drive circuitry
Requires additional sensors
Higher cost
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
Energy Storage
Batteries are the only answer
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
Lithium Polymer Batteries
Lithium-ion polymer batteries
Rechargeable
Usually several in parallel
Electrolyte is not held in an organic solvent but in a
solid polymer composite such as polyethylene
Lower cost of manufacture
20% lighter
2.7 V to 4.23 V
Short duration activity
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
Lithium Sulphide Batteries
High electrochemical potential of lithium
Sulfur
2.1 V
Specific energy : 2500 watt hours / kilogram
Energy density : 2600 watt hours / litre
Cost effective and cost competitive
Same manufacturing technology as lithium-ion liquid
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
Images Courtesy : sionpower.com
Scope for Improvement
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
Small
Light
Regenerative braking
Hybrid
Fuel cells
Solar power
Micro-generators
Micro-turbines
Super-capacitors
Electronics and control technologies
Integration of technologies

Conclusion
Very effective tools
Unified the power supply
Efficiencies increased
BLDC motor
The semiconductor based commutation systems
Very reliable and precise
Increased cost
Batteries and other peripheral technologies
require further improvements
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
References
http://www.fbo.gov/servlet/Documents/R/1610757
http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~sastry/pubs/PDFs%20of%20Pubs2000-
2005/Publications%20of%20Postdocs/ShimDavid/ShimHierarchicalControl20
00.pdf
http://www.google.co.in/search?rlz=1C1CHRB_enIN463IN463&aq=f&sourcei
d=chrome&ie=UTF-
8&q=nishant+UAVhttp://www.nwuav.com/variable_pitch_propellers.html
http://droneteam.com/drt/index.php?topic=15.0;wap2
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/motor3.htm
http://www.engineersedge.com/motors/brushless_dc_motor.htm
http://science.howstuffworks.com/predator3.htm
http://www.theuav.com/

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
Thank You
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, CMRIT
Any Queries ???