Design B1, C1, F1

Design one way Ribbed slab

2
25 mm N f
c
= '
4.50
4
.
5
0
2
.
0
0
B1 C1
F1 F1
C1
F2
C2
F2
C2
2
420 mm N f
y
=
Loads
Minimum thickness of Beams & one-way ribbed slabs
Cantilever Both ends
continuous
One end
continuous
Simply
supported
Element
l/8 l/21 l/18.5 l/16 One-way
ribbed slabs
cm h
cm h
cm h
25 8 / 200
25 18 / 450
28 16 / 450
min
min
min
~ =
= =
~ =
Dead Load
Total volume (hatched) = 0.52 x 0.25 x
0.28 = 0.035 m
3
Volume of one hollow block = 0.4 x 0.20
x 0.25 = 0.02 m
3
Net concrete volume = 0.035 - 0.02 =
0.015 m
3
Weight of concrete = 0.015 x 2.5 (10)=
0.375 kN
Weight of concrete /m
2
=
0.375/(0.52)(0.25) = 2.88 kN/ m
2
Weight of hollow locks /m
2
=
20(10)/(0.52)(0.25)(1000) = 1.54 kN/ m
2
Covering Materials = 2.5 kN/m
2

Total dead load = 2.88 + 1.54 + 2.5 =
7 kN/ m2

Live Load = 2.5 kN/m2
Beam Analysis & design
m kN M
u
. 6 . 168
8
5 . 4 6 . 66
2
=

=
( ) ( )
2
/ 6 . 66 5 . 4 5 . 2 60 . 1 9 5 . 4 7 20 . 1 m ton w
wall u
= + + =
kN V
u
150
2
5 . 4 6 . 66
max
=

=
Flexural Design
mm cm d
mm cm h
mm cm b
m kN M
u
240 24 2 / 4 . 1 8 . 0 5 . 2 28
280 28
800 80
. 6 . 168
14 cover
= = =
= =
= =
=
|
( )
( ) ( )
0108 . 0
240 00 8 25 9 . 0 85 . 0
6 . 168 10 2
1 1
420
25 85 . 0
9 . 0
,
/ ,
.
2
6
lim
=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= s

| assume
mm b d
Mpa or mm N f ' f
m kN M
w
y c
u
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
'

'
=
d b f
M
f
f
w c
u
y
c
85 . 0
10 2
1 1
85 . 0
6
|

0184 . 0
420
25
) 85 . 0 )( 85 . 0 (
7
3
) 85 . 0 (
7
3
1 max
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
=
y
c
f
f
|
0161 . 0
420
25
) 85 . 0 )( 85 . 0 (
8
3
) 85 . 0 (
8
3
1 lim
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
=
y
c
f
f
|
( )
16 11
14 14
73 . 20 6 . 2073 240 800 0108 . 0
0033 . 0
420
4 . 1
,
420 4
25
max
4 . 1
,
4
max
2 2
lim
min
|
|

use
cm mm d b A
ok
f f
f
w s
y y
c
= = = =
<
=
)
`

'
=
9 . 0
lim max
=
> >
|
if
General Note

|
2
1
+ =
21 . 0
420 1000
420 600
25 . 0 65 . 0
1000
600
25 . 0 65 . 0
1
=
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
y
y
f
f

011 . 0
420 1000
600
420
25
) 85 . 0 )( 85 . 0 ( 25 . 0
1000
600
) 85 . 0 ( 25 . 0
1 2
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
'
=
y y
c
f f
f
|
old

|
011 . 0
21 . 0 + =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
'

'
=
d b f
M
f
f
w c
u
y
c
new
85 . 0
10 2
1 1
85 . 0
6
|

You can check using

|
new

If there is no clear difference your

solve is OK
Shear Design
kN V
u
150 =
kN V
kN V V
C
C Cd
60 5 . 0
120 1000 / 800 240
6
25
75 . 0
=
= = =
|
|
No shear reinforcement
minimum Shear R.
{ } 600 , 120 , 315 min 600 ,
2
240
,
800
420 200 3
min 600 ,
2
,
3
min
5 . 0
max
=
)
`

=
)
`

=
> >
d
b
f A
s
V V V
w
y v
cd u cd
cd u
V V 5 . 0 <
ends two at the
12 @ 8
504
1000 30
240 420 200 75 . 0
cm
use
mm
V
d f A
s
sd
y v
|
|
=

= =
kN V V V
cd u sd
30 120 150 = = =
cd u
V V >
240 1000 / 240 800
3
25
75 . 0 30
300 ,
4
,
3
min
3
=
(

<
)
`

=
(
(

'
> mm
d
b
f A
s d b
f
V
w
y v
w
c
sd
|
Checks
480 1000 / 240 * 800 25
3
2
75 . 0 30
3
2
if adequat is section the
=
(

<
(

'
s
c
w c sd
d b f V |
Column Design
For 5 stories
C1 Factored Load is 150kN for 1 floor
For 5 floors P for C1 = 750kN
( ) { }
c y g c g u
f f f A P ' + ' = 85 . 0 85 . 0 8 . 0 65 . 0
( ) ( ) | |
( )
14 8
10 20 50 01 . 0
20cm 50cm 200mm 500mm
1 . 48983
30 85 . 0 420 01 . 0 30 85 . 0 8 . 0 65 . 0 000 , 750
2
2
| use
cm A
use
mm A
A
s
g
g
= =
=
=
+ =


Footing design
F1 Isolated Footing
Ps = 580 kN
Pu = 750kN
q
all
=200kpa

Area required

kPa Pa
A
P
q
m
q
P
A
kPa m t q
u
u
net all
s
g
net all
230 10 230
8 . 1 * 8 . 1
10 750
8 . 1 * 8 . 1 9 . 2
10 200
10 580
200 / 20
3
3
2
3
3
) (
2
) (
= =

= =
~ =

= =
= =
Check for punching Shear
d = 43.5 cm

| |
( ) 6 . 608 935 . 0 * 635 . 0 8 . 1 * 230
3219 1000 / 3140 435
12
25
3140
435 40
2 75 . 0
12
'
2
4 . 1707 1000 / 3140 435
3
25
75 . 0
3
'

6 . 1536 1000 / 3140 435
6
25
20
50
2
1 75 . 0
3
'
2
1
3140 ) 200 435 ( ) 500 435 ( 2
2
kN V
kN d b
f
b
d
V
kN d b
f
V
kN d b
f
V
cm b
U
o
c
s
C
o
c
C
o
c
c
C
o
= =
=
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
= = =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
= + + + =
o
| |
| |
|
| |
O.K

C U
V V | <
Check for beam shear
b = 1800mm, d = 435mm


11 . 151 8 . 1 * 435 . 0
2
2 . 0 8 . 1
* 230
face column from at
5 . 489 1000 / 1800 435
6
25
75 . 0
C U
U
C
C
V V
kN V
d V
kN V
|
|
<
=
|
.
|

\
|

= =
O.K
Bending moment & Area of steel

( )
direction two / 12 8 9 900 1000 500 0018 . 0
0.001
1000 * 435 * 25 0.85 9 . 0
73.6 * 10 2
- 1 - 1
420
25
* 85 . 0
435 d , 000 1 b
6 . 73 5 . 0 *
2
2 . 0 8 . 1
* 0 . 230
face column from d at
2 2
min
2
6
2
m use cm mm A
mm mm
kN M
M
S
U
U
|

= = =
< =
(
(

=
= =
=
|
.
|

\
|

=

Slab design
D
L L
D
Wall
w
u
Case of Loading
D
L L
D
Wall
Wall
L
D D
D D
L
Two way slab
Two way slabs Types
Flat Plates
When the ratio (L/S ) is less than 2.0, it is called two - way slab
A flat plate floor is a two-way slab with no supporting beams, only columns.
Flat Plate suitable span 7.5 m with LL= 500 kg/m
2

Advantages
Low cost formwork
Exposed flat ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Low shear capacity
Low Stiffness (notable deflection)
A two-way slab with column capitals or drop panels, or both.
Flat Slab Max. suitable span 10m with LL= 700kg\m
2

Flat Slabs
Advantages
Low cost formwork
Exposed flat ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Need more formwork for
capital and panels
Edge supported solid Slabs
The system can be used economically for spans up to 7.0 meters.
Waffle Slab
The waffle slab is capable of providing the largest spans of the conventional
concrete floor systems, and can be economically used for spans up to 14.0
meters.
The ribs are formed with fiberglass or metal dome forms. The ribs are usually
0.60 to 0.90 meter on center. Shear is transferred to the columns by using beams
or shear heads.
Advantages
Carries heavy loads
Attractive exposed ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Formwork with panels is
expensive
Edge supported Ribbed Slabs
This system can be economically used for spans up to 7.0 meters. It is similar to the
waffle slab, but the voids between ribs are filled with hollow blocks
Design Methods
Simplified Design Methods

Empirical formulae and approximate theories have been
formulated which give bending moments in slabs supported on
all four edges
l s
w w w + =
Grashoff Method
The central defection of the strip in L direction
EI
L w
l
l
384
5
4
= A
The central defection of the strip in S direction
EI
S w
s
s
384
5
4
= A
EI
S w
EI
L w
s l
384
5
384
5
4 4
=
4
4
S
L
w
w
l
s
=
4 4
4
S L
L
w w
w
l s
s
+
=
+
Since
l s
w w w + =
Grashoff load coefficients
2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 r=L/S
0.941 0.929 0.913 0.893 0.868 0.835 0.793 0.741 0.675 0.594 0.500
o
0.059 0.071 0.087 0.107 0.132 0.165 0.207 0.259 0.325 0.406 0.500
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
4 4
4
S L
L
w w
s
w
r
r
w w
s
o =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
4
4
1
w
r
w w
l
| =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
4
1
1
let r = L/S
Marcus Method
Marcus has given an approximate method for determining bending
moments in slabs simply supported on four edges with corners
prevented from being lifted, and considering torsion in the slab.
Marcus load coefficients
2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
r=L/S
0.757 0.730 0.699 0.663 0.623 0.577 0.526 0.470 0.411 0.355 0.292
o
0.047 0.056 0.067 0.079 0.095 0.114 0.137 0.165 0.198 0.240 0.292
|
Egyptian Code Method
The Egyptian code method has extended the last methods for
analysis of continuous slabs, where individual panels have different
supporting conditions.
To account for the various supporting conditions, the rectangularity
ratio r =L/S is modified to be
s
l
m S
m L
r = ' .
For simply supported spans, m = 1.0, for spans continuous from
one side, m = 0.87, and for spans continuous from both sides, m =
0.76.
Egyptian Code load coefficients
2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 r'
0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35
o
0.08 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.25 0.29 0.35
|
Beams for Two-way Slabs Designed by
Approximate Methods
L
S
Shear and moment equivalent load coefficients for trapezoidal load distribution
2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 r =L/S
0.750 0.737 0.722 0.706 0.688 0.667 0.643 0.615 0.583 0.545 0.500
C
s
0.917 0.908 0.897 0.885 0.870 0.852 0.830 0.803 0.769 0.725 0.667
C
b
Minimum Slab Thickness of Two-way
Edge-supported Slabs
The following values give some indication for the minimum thickness of
two way slab (solid or ribbed slab)
Suitable for Gaza
Using the Grashoff coefficients design the simply supported solid slab shown in
Figure . Assume that the beam webs are 25 cm wide. Weight of flooring materials is
2 kN/m2, and the live load is 4 kN/m2. use h=140mm
Example 1
Mpa f
c
25 =
'
Mpa f
y
420 =
Solution
o
|
Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way
construction (ACI code)
The ACI Code 9.5.3 specifies a minimum slab thickness to
control deflection. There are three empirical limitations
for calculating the slab thickness (h), which are based on
experimental research. If these limitations are not met, it
will be necessary to compute deflection.
2 2 . 0
m
s so (a) For
( ) 2 . 0 5 36
1400
8 . 0
m
y
n
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
o |
f
l
h
f
y
in N/mm
2
.
s cs
b cb
s cs
b cb
E
E
/ 4E
/ 4E
I
I
l I
l I
= = o
slab uncracked of inertia of Moment I
beam uncracked of inertia of Moment I
concrete slab of elasticity of Modulus E
concrete beam of elasticity of Modulus E
s
b
sb
cb
=
=
=
=
1
o
3
o
4
o
2
o
4
4 3 2 1
o o o o
o
+ + +
=
m
2
m
> o (b) For
( )
|
|
9 36
1 . 1
/ 420
9 36
1400
8 . 0
n
2
y
y
n
+
=
=
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
l
h
mm N f f or
f
l
h
2 . 0
m
< o (c) For
Use the following table
The definitions of the terms are:
h = Minimum slab thickness without interior beams
l
n
=

| =
o
m
=
Clear span in the long direction measured face to
face of column
the ratio of the long to short clear span
The average value of a for all beams on the sides
of the panel.
Example 1 Ref 2
Design Sec. A-A & B-B in the two-way solid slab. The covering materials
weigh is 2kN/m
2
, and the live load is 3kN/m
2
. Also,
All beams are 25 cm wide.
Mpa f
c
25 =
'
Mpa f
y
420 =
B
A
B
A
3 - Evaluate load distribution in both directions:
A
A
B B
Sec. A-A
Sec. B-B
Example 2
Design the two-way ribbed slab
The covering materials weigh 2.00 N/mm2, live load is 3.00
N/mm2.
Mpa f
c
25 =
'
Mpa f
y
420 =
Ref 2
25 33 . 23
33
770
33
min
cm cm
l
h
n
~ = =
=
(assumption)
( ) ( )
2
/ 8 . 12
3 60 . 1 2 05 . 1 64 . 3 20 . 1
m kN
w
u
=
+ + + =
Analysis
bent
straight
use

16 1
14 1
|
|
Two way slab
Direct Design Method
DDM
Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab
1 - Minimum of 3 continuous spans in each
direction. (3 x 3 panel)
2 - Rectangular panels with long span/short span
Method of dividing total static moment M
o
into
positive and negative moments.
Limitations on use of Direct Design method
2 s
Limitations on use of Direct Design method
3- Successive span in each direction shall not differ by
more than 1/3 the longer span.
4 - Columns may be offset
from the basic rectangular
grid of the building by up to
0.1 times the span parallel to
the offset.
5- All loads must be due to gravity only (N/A to
unbraced laterally loaded frames, from mats or pre-
stressed slabs)
6- Service (unfactored) live load service dead
load
2 s
7- For panels with beams between supports on all sides,
relative stiffness of the beams in the 2 perpendicular
directions.

Shall not be less than 0.2 nor greater than 5.0
2
1 2
2
2 1
l
l
o
o
Definition of Beam-to-Slab Stiffness Ratio, o
Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located along
slab edge reduces deflections of panel
adjacent to beams.
slab of stiffness flexural
beam of stiffness flexural
= o
With width bounded laterally by centerline of adjacent
panels on each side of the beam.
s cs
b cb
s cs
b cb
I E
I E
/l I E
/l I E

4
4
4
4
= =
slab uncracked of inertia of Moment I
beam uncracked of inertia of Moment I
concrete slab of elasticity of Modulus E
concrete beam of elasticity of Modulus E
s
b
sb
cb
=
=
=
=
Basic Steps in Two-way Slab Design DDM
1- Choose slab thickness to control deflection. Also,
check if thickness is adequate for shear.
2- Calculate positive and negative moments in the slab.
3- Determine distribution of moments across the width of
the slab. - Based on geometry and beam stiffness.
4- Assign a portion of moment to beams

Minimum slab thickness (see lecture 6)

Maximum Spacing of Reinforcement
At points of max. +/- M:


Min Reinforcement Requirements


( )
( ) 7.12.3 ACI in. 18 and
13.3.2 ACI 2
s
s
s
t s
( ) ( )
( )
s min s T&S
from ACI 7.12 ACI 13.3.1 A A =
Distribution of Moments
Slab is considered to be a series of frames in two
directions:
Total static Moment, M
o

( ) 3 - 13 ACI
8
2
n 2 u
0
l l w
M =
( )
c n
n
2
u
0.886d h using calc. columns, circular for
columns between span clear
strip the of width e transvers
area unit per load factored
=
=
=
=
l
l
l
w
where
Column Strips and Middle Strips
Moments vary across width of slab panel
Design moments are averaged over the
width of column strips over the
columns & middle strips between
column strips.

Column Strips and Middle Strips

Column strips Design
w/width on either side of
a column centerline equal
to smaller of

1
2
25 . 0
25 . 0
l
l
l
1
= length of span in
direction moments are
being determined.
l
2
= length of span
transverse to l
1

Column Strips and Middle Strips
Middle strips: Design
strip bounded by two
column strips.
Positive and Negative Moments in Panels
M
0
is divided into + M and -M Rules given in ACI sec.
13.6.3
Longitudinal Distribution of Moments in
Slabs
For a typical interior panel, the total static moment is
divided into positive moment 0.35 M
o
and negative
moment of 0.65 M
o
.
For an exterior panel, the total static moment is
dependent on the type of reinforcement at the outside
edge.
Distribution of M
0

The factored
components of
the moment for
the beam.
Transverse Distribution of Moments
Transverse distribution of the
longitudinal moments to middle and
column strips is a function of the ratio
of length l
2
/l
1
,o
1
, and |
t
.

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = =
3
63 . 0
1
2 2

3
s s cs
cb
t
s cs
b cb
1
y x
y
x
C
I
C
I E
C E
I E
I E
| o
torsional constant

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
63 . 0
1
3
y x
y
x
C
Take largest value of C from the following
Factored Moment in Column Strip
Factored Moment in an Exterior Panel
Minimum extension for reinforcement in
slabs without beams(Fig. 13.3.8)
Example 1
Design the long direction of an interior panel
of the two-way slab for the floor system.The
floor consists of six panels at each direction,
with a panel size 7.5 m x 6 m. All panels are
supported by 40 cm square columns. The
slabs are supported by beams along the
column line with cross sections. The service
live load is to be taken as 4kN/m2 and the
service dead load consists of 6.5kN/m2 of
floor finishing in addition to the self-weight.
h=18cm
The cross-sections are:
h = 18cm
Example 1- Loading
The weight of the slab is given as.
( )
16 _ 4 . 14 6 . 1 2 18
/ 2 . 14 ) 4 ( 6 . 1 5 . 6 2 . 1
2
| use cm d
m kN w
u
= =
= + =
Example 1 Strip Size
Calculate the strip sizes
4.5m
Example 1, Static Moment Computation
Moment M
o
for the two directions.
long direction
short direction
( ) ( )
m kN
l wl
M
cm L
n
ol
n
. 537
8
1 . 7 6 2 . 14
8
710 40 750
2
2
2
=

= =
= =
( ) ( )
m kN
l wl
M
cm L
n
ol
n
. 418
8
6 . 5 5 . 7 2 . 14
8
560 40 600
2
2
2
=

= =
= =
The factored components
of the moment for the
beam (long).
Negative - Moment
Positive + Moment
( )
( ) m kN
m kN
. 188 537 35 . 0
. 349 537 65 . 0
=
=
Example 1 Moments (long)
Example 1- - Moment (long) Coefficients
The moments of inertia about beam, I
b
= 0.01 m
4
and I
s

= 0.0027 m
4
(long direction) are need to determine the
distribution of the moments between the column and
middle strip.
96 . 2 ) 8 . 0 ( 7 . 3
7 . 3
0027 . 0
01 . 0
8 . 0
5 . 7
6
1
2
1
1
1
2
= =
= = =
= = =
l
l
I
I
l
l
s
b
o
o
|
Example 1- Column Strip Factors (negative)
Need to interpolate to
determine how the negative
moment is distributed.
81 . 0 ) 5 . 0 8 . 0 (
1.0 - 0.5
0.75 - 0.9
0.9
factor strip col.
= +
Need to interpolate to
determine how the positive
moment is distributed
81 . 0 ) 5 . 0 8 . 0 (
1.0 - 0.5
0.75 - 0.9
0.9
factor strip col.
= +
Example 1 - Column Strip Factors (positive)
Example 1 - Moment (long) column/middle
strips
Components on the beam (long).
Negative Moment
Positive + Moment
Column Strip
Negative Moment
Positive + Moment
Middle Strip
m kN
m kN
. 152 ) 188 ( 81 . 0
. 7 . 282 ) 349 ( 81 . 0
~
~
m kN
m kN
. 36 ) 188 ( 19 . 0
. 66 ) 349 ( 19 . 0
~
~
Example 1 - Moment (long)-beam/slab
distribution
When o
1
(l
2
/l
1
) > 1.0, ACI Code Section 13.6.5 indicates that
85 % of the moment in the column strip is assigned to the beam
and balance of 15 % is assigned to the slab in the column strip.
Beam Moment
Slab Moment
Column Strip - Negative Moment
m kN
m kN
. 4 . 42 ) 320 ( 15 . 0
. 3 . 240 ) 7 . 282 ( 85 . 0
~
~
Beam Moment
Slab Moment
Column Strip - Positive Moment
m kN
m kN
. 23 ) 152 ( 15 . 0
. 129 ) 152 ( 85 . 0
~
~
Results
shear check A
mm cm b
mm cm d
s
_
400 40
520 52 8 . 0 8 . 0 4 58

= =
= ~ =

shear check A
mm m b
mm cm d
s
_
3000 3
144 4 . 14

= =
= =