TOPIC:SETS

Made by: D.MANASA SREE

11
th
C
SETS
A = {1, 3, 2, 5}
n(A) = | A | = 4
Sets use curly brackets
The number of elements in Set A
is 4
Sets are denoted by Capital
letters
A 3e
A 7e
3 is an element of A
7 is not an element of A
A set is a distinct collection of objects. The objects are called elements.
{1, 2, 3, 4} = {2, 3, 1, 4}
Order does not matter. If a set contains the
same elements as another set, the sets are
equal.
{1, 3, 2, 3, 5, 2} We never repeat elements in a set. {1, 3, 2, 5}
This symbol means "is a subset of"
This is read "A is a subset of B".
A c B
A = {1, 2, 3} B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
{1, 2, 3, 5} In ascending order
These sets can be visualized with circles in what is called a Venn Diagram.
A B
A B
Everything that is in A or B.
A B
A B
Everything that is in A AND
B.
A B
100 people were surveyed. 52 people in a survey owned a cat. 36 people
owned a dog. 24 did not own a dog or cat.
Draw a Venn diagram.
universal set is 100 people surveyed
C D
Set C is the cat owners and Set D is the dog owners. The
sets are NOT disjoint. Some people could own both a dog
and a cat.
24
Since 24
did not own
a dog or
cat, there
must be 76
that do.
n(C D) = 76
This n means the
number of elements
in the set
52 + 36 = 88 so
there must be
88 - 76 = 12
people that own
both a dog and
a cat.
12
40 24
Counting Formula:
n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A B)
Using the numbers 0, 1, 2, , 9 illustrate
the sets: and
A B
4 is in BOTH sides
4
Using the numbers 0, 1, 2, , 9 illustrate
the sets: and
A B
7 and 9 are only in set A
4
7
9
Using the numbers 0, 1, 2, , 9 illustrate
the sets: and
A B
1, 2, 3 and 5 are only in set B
4
7
9
1
2
3
5
Using the numbers 0, 1, 2, , 9 illustrate
the sets: and
A B
0, 6 and 8 are not in A or B
4
7
9
1
2
3
5
0
6
8
Set Equality
Sets A and B are equal if and only if they contain
exactly the same elements.
Examples:
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 10
A = {9, 2, 7, -3}, B = {7, 9, -3, 2} : A = B
A = {dog, cat, horse},
B = {cat, horse, squirrel, dog} :
A =B
A = {dog, cat, horse},
B = {cat, horse, dog, dog} :
A = B
Subsets
Useful rules:
A = B (A _ B) . (B _ A)
(A _ B) . (B _ C) A _ C (see Venn Diagram)
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 11
U
A
B
C
The Power Set
P(A) power set of A
P(A) = {B | B _ A} (contains all subsets of A)

Examples:

A = {x, y, z}
P(A)

= {C, {x}, {y}, {z}, {x, y}, {x, z}, {y, z}, {x, y, z}}

A = C
P(A) = {C}
Note: |A| = 0, |P(A)| = 1
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 12
Cartesian Product
The Cartesian product of two sets is defined as: AB =
{(a, b) | aeA . beB}
Example:
A = {good, bad}, B = {student, prof}

AB = {
Fall 2002 CMSC 203 - Discrete Structures 13
(good, student), (good, prof), (bad, student),
(bad, prof)}