Early Chemistry

Early Chemists
only believed in 1
element: Dirt

Later Chemists
believed in 4
elements:
Air
Earth
Fire
Water

Various
combinations of
these produced
various
compounds
Basic Chemistry

All Matter in universe is composed of

Atoms
Elements are composed of only 1 type of
atom.

Atoms are mostly empty space.

Atoms have Electrons which are very small
and are negatively charged and have a
negligible mass (mass = 0).
Electrons move in orbits around the center
of the atom in relatively distinct areas
called Energy !evels.(a"a. #rbits or shells)
$he farther from the center an electron is
the more energy it has.
Electrons (% therefor atoms& can gain and
lose energy) and do this by moving between
energy levels.
Atoms have a 'ucleus which contain (rotons
% 'eutrons.
(rotons are (ositively )harged and have a
mass =1
$he number of protons in an atom*s nucleus
determines what element it is
'eutrons have no charge and are therefor
called 'eutral and have a mass = 1.
Summary of Subatomic Particles:

Particle Name Location Charge Mass

Electron Orbitals -1 ~0
Proton Nucleus +1 1
Neutron Nucleus No Charge 1

Chemical elements are represented on

the periodic table usin" the follo#in"
format$
$he letter is an abbreviation of
Element 'ame
Atomic 'umber is the number is the
number of protons the atom has. +t
is the number of protons an element
has which determines what element it
is.
Mass number is the total mass of an
atom in AM,. +t is the same as the
number of protons % neutrons of the
element. #ne can calculate the
number of neutrons an atom has by
subtracting the atomic number (-
protons) from the mass number. Mass
number )A' change without changing
the identity of the element.
Isotopes:

Atoms havin" the same atomic numbers and different mass

numbers are called %sotopes
+sotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers
of neutrons (mass).
$hey react chemically the same as the .normal/ form of the
element
$hey are fre0uently radioactive
Isotopes of
Hydrogen
:

Atoms interact throu"h the process

of chemical bondin"$
&rocess is determined by the number of
electrons found in the outermost ener"y
level of an atom$
%nvolves the transfer ' sharin" of
electrons bet#een atoms$
ELECTRON ENER!" LE#EL R$LES:

Atoms in a neutral state have

an e(ual number of protons
and electrons$

Atoms )fill up* their ener"y

levels from the lo#est to the
hi"hest$ Electrons rarely
)s+ip* levels$
,he 1
st
Ener"y level can only
hold - electrons
,he -
nd
.' all hi"her/ ener"y
levels can only hold 0
electrons

Atoms see+ to have a )full*

outermost ener"y level$ All
chemical reactions happen to
accomplish this
Chemical Bonds

When a Chemical 1eaction occurs atoms "ain2 lose or share

electrons$

Atoms al#ays #ant to have their outer ener"y level )full* of

electrons

When an atom has a different number of protons '

electrons it is called an %on$
%f an ion has more protons than electrons 3 it is &ositively
Char"ed
%f an atom has more electrons than protons it is 4e"atively
Char"ed$
Atoms of opposite char"e are attracted to each other$

,here are three types of chemical bonds$ %onic bonds2

Covalent 5onds2 ' 6etallic 5onds$
Ionic Bonds:

%onic bonds form #hen 1 atom )"ives* one or more electrons

to another atom to complete their outer ener"y levels$
,his results in 1 positively char"ed ion ' 1 ne"atively
char"ed ion
7ince opposite char"es attract2 they come to"ether and
bond$
Co%alent Bonds:

Covalent bonds form #hen - atoms

)share* one or more electrons
bet#een them$

,here are - types of covalent

bonds:
4on3&olar Covalent bonds form
#hen t#o atoms share electrons
e(ually
&olar Covalent bonds form #hen t#o
atoms share electrons une(ually$

Atoms can form more than 1

electron bet#een them formin"
double and triple bonds

A 6olecule is a "roup of - or more

atoms held to"ether by covalent
bonds$
Summary of Ionic & Co%alent Bonds
Chemical Reactions:

A )hemical 1eaction = whenever a chemical bond is formed or bro"en.

2 types (sometimes 3) of chemical reactants

1eactants = 4ubstances e5isting before the reaction
(roducts = 4ubstances e5isting after the reaction
)atalysts = 4ubstances which speed up the rate of a reaction

)hemical E0uations are a shorthand way of showing chemical reactions.

4eparates (roducts and reactants.
,sually follow flow of energy.

15*s naturally occur when they release energy

)an however occur when energy is added.

Structural and Chemical 'ormulas:

Chemical formulas sho# the number of and types

of atoms in a molecule

7tructural Formulas are used to "raphically

represent a chemical formula

8seful in visuali9in" ho# chemicals react and form

ne# ones$

When dra#in" them use the follo#in" rules:

,he &eriodic table abbreviation is used to

represent the atoms$

A sin"le strait line .333/ represents a sin"le bond

,#o parallel strait lines .::/ represent double

bonds
E(ample 'ormulas:
Chemical Name Chemical Formula Structural Formula
Water ;
-
<
Carbon
Dio=ide
C<
-

6ethane C;
4

>lucose C
?
;
1-
<
?