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= =
'
= + =
c c
c c y
c c y
t t
e e t y
+ = 2 ) (
Example 1: Solution Graphs (3 of 3)
Our initial value problem and solution are
Graphs of this solution are given below. The graph on the
right suggests that both initial conditions are satisfied.
t t
e e t y y y y y
+ = =
'
= =
' '
2 ) ( 1 ) 0 ( , 3 ) 0 ( , 0
Characteristic Equation
To solve the 2
nd
order equation with constant coefficients,
we begin by assuming a solution of the form y = e
rt
.
Substituting this into the differential equation, we obtain
Simplifying,
and hence
This last equation is called the characteristic equation of
the differential equation.
We then solve for r by factoring or using quadratic formula.
, 0 = +
'
+
' '
cy y b y a
0
2
= + +
rt rt rt
ce bre e ar
0 ) (
2
= + + c br ar e
rt
0
2
= + + c br ar
General Solution
Using the quadratic formula on the characteristic equation
we obtain two solutions, r
1
and r
2
.
There are three possible results:
The roots r
1
, r
2
are real and r
1
= r
2
.
The roots r
1
, r
2
are real and r
1
= r
2
.
The roots r
1
, r
2
are complex.
In this section, we will assume r
1
, r
2
are real and r
1
= r
2
.
In this case, the general solution has the form
, 0
2
= + + c br ar
t r t r
e c e c t y
2 1
2 1
) ( + =
a
ac b b
r
2
4
2
=
Initial Conditions
For the initial value problem
we use the general solution
together with the initial conditions to find c
1
and c
2
. That is,
Since we are assuming r
1
= r
2
, it follows that a solution of the
form y = e
rt
to the above initial value problem will always
exist, for any set of initial conditions.
, ) ( , ) ( , 0
0 0 0 0
y t y y t y cy y b y a
'
=
'
= = +
'
+
' '
0 2 0 1
0 2 0 1
0 2 0 1
2 1
0 1 0
2
2 1
2 0 0
1
0 2 2 1 1
0 2 1
,
t r t r
t r t r
t r t r
e
r r
y r y
c e
r r
r y y
c
y e r c e r c
y e c e c
'
'
=
'
= +
= +
t r t r
e c e c t y
2 1
2 1
) ( + =
Example 2
Consider the initial value problem
Assuming exponential soln leads to characteristic equation:
Factoring yields two solutions, r
1
= -4 and r
2
= 3
The general solution has the form
Using the initial conditions:
Thus
1 ) 0 ( , 0 ) 0 ( , 0 12 =
'
= =
'
+
' '
y y y y y
( )( ) 0 3 4 0 12 ) (
2
= + = + = r r r r e t y
rt
t t
e c e c t y
3
2
4
1
) ( + =
7
1
,
7
1
1 3 4
0
2 1
2 1
2 1
=
=
)
`
= +
= +
c c
c c
c c
t t
e e t y
3 4
7
1
7
1
) ( +
=
Example 3
Consider the initial value problem
Then
Factoring yields two solutions, r
1
= 0 and r
2
= -3/2
The general solution has the form
Using the initial conditions:
Thus
( ) ( ) 3 0 , 1 0 , 0 3 2 =
'
= =
'
+
' '
y y y y
( ) 0 3 2 0 3 2 ) (
2
= + = + = r r r r e t y
rt
2 / 3
2 1
2 / 3
2
0
1
) (
t t t
e c c e c e c t y
+ = + =
2 , 3
3
2
3
1
2 1
2
2 1
= =
=
= +
c c
c
c c
2 / 3
2 3 ) (
t
e t y
=
Example 4: Initial Value Problem (1 of 2)
Consider the initial value problem
Then
Factoring yields two solutions, r
1
= -2 and r
2
= -3
The general solution has the form
Using initial conditions:
Thus
( ) ( ) 3 0 , 2 0 , 0 6 5 =
'
= = +
'
+
' '
y y y y y
( )( ) 0 3 2 0 6 5 ) (
2
= + + = + + = r r r r e t y
rt
t t
e c e c t y
3
2
2
1
) (
+ =
7 , 9
3 3 2
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
= =
)
`
=
= +
c c
c c
c c
t t
e e t y
3 2
7 9 ) (
=
Example 4: Find Maximum Value (2 of 2)
Find the maximum value attained by the solution.
204 . 2
1542 . 0
) 6 / 7 ln(
6 / 7
7 6
0 21 18 ) (
7 9 ) (
3 2
3 2
3 2
~
~
=
=
=
= + =
'
=
y
t
t
e
e e
e e t y
e e t y
t
t t
set
t t
t t